- Adenine
- Ribose
- Three phosphate groups

Components of ATP

The negatively charged phosphate groups in ATP repel each other, leading to high-energy phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken and phosphate group(s) released (dephosphorylation), energy is released to help drive endergonic reactions. The addition of a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to ADP regenerates ATP.

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Energy Release and Regeneration through ATP/ADP

Two ways to generate ATP include

- Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ways of Generating ATP

A nucleotide that provides the energy needed to drive essential physiological processes in living organisms through the breakage of a phosphate bond (ATP -> ADP + Pi)

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The most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism (Oxidized form: NAD+, Reduced form: NADH)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH)

A 3-carbon molecule produced by glycolysis that drive ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and is a critical input of the citric acid cycle

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