- Adenine
- Ribose
- Three phosphate groups

Components of ATP

The negatively charged phosphate groups in ATP repel each other, leading to high-energy phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken and phosphate group(s) released (dephosphorylation), energy is released to help drive endergonic reactions. The addition of a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to ADP regenerates ATP.

(Photo credits in References)

Energy Release and Regeneration through ATP/ADP

Two ways to generate ATP include

- Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ways of Generating ATP

A nucleotide that provides the energy needed to drive essential physiological processes in living organisms through the breakage of a phosphate bond (ATP -> ADP + Pi)

University of Notre Dame

Google

Products of the EMP Pathway

OpenStax Concepts of Biology provides the necessary breadth and depth for core Biology concepts.

Link: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology/

OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

The most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism (Oxidized form: NAD+, Reduced form: NADH)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH)

A 3-carbon molecule produced by glycolysis that drive ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and is a critical input of the citric acid cycle

Learn Before

Related

Learn After