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* Stereotypical bias 
* Egocentric bias 
* Hindsight bias

Types of Bias in Memory 

Hindsight bias, also known as the “I knew it all along” phenomenon, happens when individuals think an outcome was inevitable after the fact. The reconstructive nature of memory contributes to this bias, causing people to remember untrue events that seem to confirm they knew the outcome beforehand.

Hindsight Bias

Egocentric bias is a memory distortion that involves enhancing our memories of the past. For example, an individual might remember scoring the winning goal in a soccer match when they actually only assisted.

Egocentric Bias

Stereotypical bias is a form of memory distortion where recollections are influenced by underlying racial and gender biases. For instance, a study demonstrated this by showing that participants were more likely to incorrectly associate names stereotypically linked to a certain race with a corresponding stereotypical occupation, such as remembering African American names as belonging to basketball players and White names as belonging to politicians.

Stereotypical Bias

After a local sports team unexpectedly loses a major championship game, a fan states, "I knew they were going to lose. Their defense has been weak all season." Before the game, however, this same fan had been confidently predicting a victory. Which type of memory distortion does this fan's post-game comment best illustrate?

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