Hindsight Bias

Egocentric Bias

Stereotypical Bias

After a local sports team unexpectedly loses a major championship game, a fan states, "I knew they were going to lose. Their defense has been weak all season." Before the game, however, this same fan had been confidently predicting a victory. Which type of memory distortion does this fan's post-game comment best illustrate?

After a very difficult and bitter breakup, Sam begins to reflect on the relationship. Sam once described their first vacation with their partner as 'the most romantic and perfect trip ever.' Now, however, Sam primarily remembers the vacation as being full of arguments, feeling anxious about their partner's mood, and noticing several 'red flags.' Which of the following best explains this significant change in Sam's recollection of the event?