Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows for amplification of a specific DNA sequence. It occurs in several cycles, denaturing the DNA, annealing of DNA primers, and amplification of the DNA fragments.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

DNA sequencing involves many different methods of replicating DNA and identifying the nucleic acid sequences. 

DNA Sequencing

- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- DNA Sequencing

University of Wisconsin - Madison

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a helix-shaped molecule composed of nucleotide base pairs. It serves as the genetic material that constitutes long strings known as chromosomes.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Genes are specific sequences of DNA that provide the code for particular traits. These traits can be both physical and psychological characteristics, and their ultimate expression is determined by the interplay between genetics and environmental factors.

Genes

- The study of heredity
- Much of the history of genetics is due to studies on microbial systems.
- The field of genetics was founded on the discovery of DNA and that it is the molecule required for heredity.

Genetics

Genetic engineering involves editing and changing DNA from different organisms to observe specific phenotypes.

Genetic Engineering

- Nucleic Acid Probing
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
- Southern Blots
- Microarray Analysis

Methods for Visualizing DNA

Amplification-Based DNA Analyses

A researcher is examining a double-stranded, helix-shaped molecule of genetic material. They determine that in a specific segment, 30% of the nucleotide bases are adenine. Based on the structural rules of how these bases pair together, what percentage of the bases in this segment should be guanine?

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