An employee is preparing to give a high-stakes presentation to their company's leadership. They experience a racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweaty palms. Which statement best analyzes this physiological reaction in the context of the situation?

Within the DSM-5's alternative model for personality disorders, antagonism is a key personality trait domain. It is characterized by behaviors such as a disregard for the needs of others, manipulativeness, and deceitfulness. This trait is considered a predominant feature of antisocial personality disorder in this model.

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In recent years, three factor models of narcissism have emerged, which have further clarified its core components. This model is composed of antagonism, agentic extraversion, and narcissistic neuroticism. Individuals with NPD have high scores in all three factors. 

The three factor model demonstrates both what's shared across the dimensions of narcissism and what's unique to grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. It also shows the distinct relationship between narcissism and self esteem, which has been a gray area in the past. 

Three Factor Model of Narcissism

The DSM-5 offers an alternative framework for conceptualizing personality disorders, which is derived from the Five Factor Model of personality. This model assesses personality functioning by evaluating impairments in two primary domains: self-functioning (which includes identity and self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (which includes empathy and intimacy).

Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2021). Corrigendum: Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221086630

Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Antagonism

Agentic extraversion (AKA admiration or grandiosity) is a more adaptive factor in that it causes the narcissistic individual fewer interpersonal problems. It's associated with assertiveness, leadership, high self-esteem, and a tendency to be proactive rather than reactive and to be motivated by reward more than punishment.

Agentic Extraversion

Narcissistic neuroticism (AKA vulnerability) is related to a more fragile and contingent self-esteem, negative emotionality/emotional impairment, and experiences of shame and other self-conscious emotions. This factor uniquely characterizes vulnerable narcissism and is often synonymous with psychological distress but is also associated with interpersonal impairments.

Narcissistic Neuroticism

Describes a tendency to withdraw from others and avoid emotional contact. Detachment can be thought of the opposite of extraversion

Detachment

Describes a tendency to be deceitful, manipulative, and callous. Antagonism is often thought of as the opposite of agreeableness.

Within the DSM-5's alternative model for personality disorders, disinhibition is a key personality trait domain. It is characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, and a tendency to engage in risk-taking behaviors. This trait is considered a predominant feature of antisocial personality disorder in this model.

Disinhibition

Describes a likelihood to have bizarre thoughts and behaviors. Psychoticism is considered to be the opposite of lucidity, or low openness. 

Psychoticism

Within the alternative DSM-5 framework, antisocial personality disorder is specifically characterized by high levels of two main traits: antagonism, which includes manipulativeness and a disregard for others, and disinhibition, which involves impulsivity, irresponsibility, and risk-taking.

ASPD Traits in the Alternative DSM-5 Model

Based on the alternative framework for assessing personality, analyze the following case by identifying the specific impairments in the two primary domains of personality functioning. Explain your reasoning by citing specific examples from the text.

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