Bull, R., & David, I. (1986). The Stigmatizing Effect of Facial Disfigurement: Nigerian and English Nurses’ and Office Workers’ Ratings of Normal and Scarred Faces: Nigerian and English Nurses’ and Office Workers’ Ratings of Normal and Scarred Faces. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017001007 (Original work published 1986)

Bull and David (1986)

Bull & David (focused on employers) found that women with facial scaring were rated as more dishonest and men are seen as less sincere and less warm than people without facial scarring. 

Gettysburg College

Employers often hold stigmatizing attitudes regarding physical disabilities and people’s ability to perform in the workplace. PWD typically face uncertainty, lowered self-confidence, and nervousness regarding interviews due to these attitudes. This often leads to PWD not applying for jobs despite possessing the qualifications. 

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