- How the environment impacts an organism

Social Ecology Definition

- Against norms and values of society
- Change causes problems

Explanation of Social Pathology

- Crime and population statistics
- Ethnographic data


- Main theorists Park and Burgess
- Social Ecology  and Social Pathology
- Urban Transition Zones


- Societies successful functioning depends on certain conditions

Schmalleger, F. (2014). Criminology (The Justice Series). Criminology (2nd ed.). Pearson. https://archive.org/details/criminology0000schm. 

- Crime exists in all societies and helps create social solidarity