- Crime and population statistics
- Ethnographic data


Ohio State University, Columbus

- Main theorists Park and Burgess
- Social Ecology  and Social Pathology
- Urban Transition Zones


Chicago School

Schmalleger, F. (2014). Criminology (The Justice Series). Criminology (2nd ed.). Pearson. https://archive.org/details/criminology0000schm. 

- How the environment impacts an organism

- Against norms and values of society
- Change causes problems