Claim is  the central component of the argument that is controversial and needs support.

Hamilton College

Include claims, premises, and argumentative relations.

Annotations of Argumentative Components

An on-going but a helpful book resource about NLP
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/

Premises are the reasons given by the author to persuade the reader by supporting or attacking the claim or other premises.

Relations between claims and premises, for example: support and attack.