Cytokines known for being produced by and stimulating leukocytes, but can also be produced by other cells for functions other than immune response

Interleukin

Chemotactic factor (involved in chemotaxis) that recruits specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of tissue damage and distress. 

Chemokine

Immune signaling molecules important in defending against viruses. Type I interferons, interferon alpha and beta, are produced by viral infected cells and work to inhibit viral spread by stopping mRNA production and destroying produced RNA. They also act to stimulate an immune response from other cells to further the attack on the virus. Type II interferons also act to stimulate an immune response.

(Photo credits in References)

Interferon

Three important classes of cytokines are:
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Interferons

University of Notre Dame

Cytokines are proteins secreted by cells that play an instrumental role in cell maturation and differentiation. Cytokines may act in an autocrine (acting on cells that secreted them), paracrine (communicating with nearby cells) or endocrine (affecting distant cells) manner. Cytokines are involved in the production of an inflammatory phenotype and severe dysregulation of cytokine signaling pathways may result in autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs). 

Cytokines

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Zhang, J. M., & An, J. (2007). Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. International anesthesiology clinics, 45(2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e

Cytokines, Inflammation & Pain

The dilation of capillaries and veins results in increased blood flow, producing heat and redness in a localized region. Spaces within the epithelium allow it to become permeable leading to leakage of blood plasma to produce local edema. Cytokines temporarily change the adhesive properties of the vascular endothelium, allowing white blood cells to move from the blood to the tissue. 

Vasodilation

Cytokines can function in three main ways: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions. (Photo credits in References)

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