Zhang, J. M., & An, J. (2007). Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. International anesthesiology clinics, 45(2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e

Cytokines, Inflammation & Pain

The dilation of capillaries and veins results in increased blood flow, producing heat and redness in a localized region. Spaces within the epithelium allow it to become permeable leading to leakage of blood plasma to produce local edema. Cytokines temporarily change the adhesive properties of the vascular endothelium, allowing white blood cells to move from the blood to the tissue. 

Vasodilation

Cytokines can function in three main ways: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions. (Photo credits in References)

Cytokine Functions

Three important classes of cytokines are:
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Interferons

Classes of Cytokines

Cytokines are proteins secreted by cells that play an instrumental role in cell maturation and differentiation. Cytokines may act in an autocrine (acting on cells that secreted them), paracrine (communicating with nearby cells) or endocrine (affecting distant cells) manner. Cytokines are involved in the production of an inflammatory phenotype and severe dysregulation of cytokine signaling pathways may result in autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs). 

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Types of innate immune chemical defenses include:
- Chemical and enzymes in body fluids
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Plasma protein mediators
- Cytokines
- Inflammation-eliciting mediators

(Photo credits in References)

Types of Innate Immune Chemical Defenses

Innate Immune Chemical Defenses Table (Figure 17.5). Reprinted from OpenStax Microbiology (p. 699-700), by N. Parker, M. Shneegurt, A.-h. Thi Tu, B. M. Forester, and P. Lister, 2016, Rice University. Copyright 2016 by Rice University.

Innate Immune Chemical Defenses Table

Proteins found in blood plasma that contribute to the innate immune response

Plasma Protein Mediators

Cytokines

Nonspecific cell-derived mediators known for their wide range of antimicrobial properties. Can be produced constantly or via response to pathogen. Causes microbial cell damage in several ways including destroying DNA and RNA. Can inhibit a spectrum of pathogens.

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

Chemical and enzymatic mediators found in bodily fluids act to inhibit or kill microbes, acting as layers of defense.

Chemical and Enzymatic Mediators Found in Body Fluids

The inflammatory response, triggered by cell distress, protects against pathogens, removes dead cells, and stimulates repair mechanisms. Though, too much inflammation can be detrimental to health.

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