Zhang, J. M., & An, J. (2007). Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. International anesthesiology clinics, 45(2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e

Tulane University

Cytokines are proteins secreted by cells that play an instrumental role in cell maturation and differentiation. Cytokines may act in an autocrine (acting on cells that secreted them), paracrine (communicating with nearby cells) or endocrine (affecting distant cells) manner. Cytokines are involved in the production of an inflammatory phenotype and severe dysregulation of cytokine signaling pathways may result in autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs). 

Cytokines

Cytokines, Inflammation & Pain

The dilation of capillaries and veins results in increased blood flow, producing heat and redness in a localized region. Spaces within the epithelium allow it to become permeable leading to leakage of blood plasma to produce local edema. Cytokines temporarily change the adhesive properties of the vascular endothelium, allowing white blood cells to move from the blood to the tissue. 

Vasodilation

Cytokines can function in three main ways: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions. (Photo credits in References)

Cytokine Functions

Three important classes of cytokines are:
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Interferons

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