The CEM identifies the conditions in which people will social loaf less. 

San Jose State University

- Collective Effort Model
- Contribution Benefits

Factors that Motivate User Contributions 

Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(4), 681.

Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration

- Established uniqueness of contribution
- personal benefit
- benefit to the community
H2b: Benefit-to-others
group rates more than
no-benefit group
Disconfirmed
(significant in
the opposite
direction)
Not supported
H3: Interaction
between Uniqueness
and Benefit
Not supported Not supported

Benefits of Contributing to Online Community

Collective Effort Model (CEM)

Feedback types include:
- Classroom feedback
- Cohort support
- Social acceptance


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