In the Hadiqat al-Haqiqah, Sanai constructs a stark dichotomy between the learned physician and the ignorant charlatan. While the competent practitioner is defined by rigorous training in natural philosophy, mathematics, and empirical diagnosis, the ignorant physician lacks basic knowledge of humors or symptoms, relying instead on rhetorical disputation (jadal) to mask their incompetence. This contrast serves to both critique the state of medieval medical practice and provide an allegory for distinguishing between genuine spiritual guides and fraudulent pretenders.