 Since C-S languages tend to be low resourced, building Deep Learningbased models is challenging due to the lack of large C-S datasets.

Challenge of the use of deep Neural Networks

 multilingual BERT have shown promise in enabling the coverage of lowresource languages without any labeled data by using the zero-shot framework

Massive multilingual Language Models (LMs)

These LMs are typically trained in two phases: a “pre-training” phase, in which unlabeled data from one or multiple languages may be used and a “fine-tuning” phase, in which task-specific labeled data is used to build a system capable of solving the task.

Mechanism of Language Models

multilingual BERT outperforms older task-specific models on C-S tasks, however, the performance on C-S is much worse than the performance on the same tasks in a monolingual setting.

they are either not exposed to C-S data at all during training, or they miss out on several language pairs

Inefficiency of BERT models

language technologies are not yet capable of processing C-S as seamlessly as monolingual data. 

We identify three main limitations of the current state of computational processing of C-S: data, evaluation and user-facing applications.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

C-S across Languages: Indian Context

e crucial information about the social and cultural dynamics in a multilingual setting would also be lost

ignoring these studies and data could have serious consequences

Hindi was the dominant language with occasional switches to English for the early productions but English became the dominant language especially for younger generations in the later productions

C-S in India has been investigated through written media, advertising and film industry as well

perform a quantitative study of 18 recent Bollywood (Hindi) movies and find that C-S is used for establishing identity, social dynamics between characters and the socio-cultural context of the movie

the types and functions of C-S between Hindi and English across the TV programs

1) , high-cost English Medium (EM) education is valued by upper-class and affluent families. 

2)  C-S is commonly practiced among students in schools across India. In addition, she finds it unrealistic to ask the students to separate the two languages harshly. 

multilingual education system in India

Computational Approaches to C-S

Limitation:  the lack of end-to-end userfacing applications that interact directly with users in multilingual communities.

1) Although computational implementations of grammatical models of C-S exist (Bhat et al., 2016), they do not necessarily generate natural C-S utterances that a bilingual speaker would produce

2) Most crucially, current computational approaches to C-S language technologies do not usually take into account the linguistic and social factors that influence why and when speakers/users choose to code-switch.

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