e crucial information about the social and cultural dynamics in a multilingual setting would also be lost

ignoring these studies and data could have serious consequences

perform a quantitative study of 18 recent Bollywood (Hindi) movies and find that C-S is used for establishing identity, social dynamics between characters and the socio-cultural context of the movie

the types and functions of C-S between Hindi and English across the TV programs

language technologies are not yet capable of processing C-S as seamlessly as monolingual data. 

We identify three main limitations of the current state of computational processing of C-S: data, evaluation and user-facing applications.

Computational Approaches to C-S

Limitation:  the lack of end-to-end userfacing applications that interact directly with users in multilingual communities.

1) Although computational implementations of grammatical models of C-S exist (Bhat et al., 2016), they do not necessarily generate natural C-S utterances that a bilingual speaker would produce

2) Most crucially, current computational approaches to C-S language technologies do not usually take into account the linguistic and social factors that influence why and when speakers/users choose to code-switch.

User-facing applications

Investigations into code-switching (C-S) within Indian written media, advertising, and film reveal a generational shift in language dominance. While Hindi was the primary language with occasional switches to English in early productions, English became the dominant language in later productions, particularly among younger generations.

Evolution of Code-Switching in Indian Media

In the Indian multilingual education system, high-cost English Medium (EM) education is highly valued by affluent families. Code-switching (C-S) is commonly practiced among students in schools across India, making it unrealistic to expect students to rigidly separate their spoken languages.

Code-Switching in the Indian Multilingual Education System

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

inform code-switching in multilingual contexts

A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologie

To produce example (2), the speaker needs to know only one Spanish word. But, to produce example (1), the speaker has to know what word order and case marker to use, and which languages they should be drawn from.

How languages are switched matters

1)  What a (multilingual) speaker is trying to achieve by switching languages can affect its structural outcome. Linguists recognize that pragmatic, interactional, and socio-indexical functions may condition C-S patterns.

2) Czech-English speakers switch to English for highinformation content words in prominent prosodic positions when speaking Czech

3) . Other functions, among these, quoting a speaker, getting the attention of an interlocutor, or reiterating an utterance to soften or intensify a message will also be indicated via C-S in predictable linguistic constructions

Why do speakers code-switch?

The contexts in which people acquire and use multiple languages in Europe are diverse. Some acquire their languages simultaneously from birth, while others acquire them sequentially, either naturally or via explicit instruction. Multilingualism is the norm in many zones where local residents may speak different languages to accommodate their interlocutors. Speakers who use local dialects or minoritized varieties may also be engaged in C-S when switching between their variety and a dominant on

C-S across Languages: European Context

C-S across Languages: Indian Context

The survey 'A Survey of Code-Switching' aims to inform researchers in computational linguistics (CL) and language technologies about the linguistic and social aspects of code-switching (C-S) in multilingual contexts, such as Europe and India. Additionally, it details how linguists describe and model these code-switching behaviors.

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