The perceived risk and severity of COVID-19 and general health engagement of Italian citizens shortly after the lockdown was released was assessed. The purpose of this study was to better understand the attitude towards vaccination of the people to develop a national immunization plan and direct education about the vaccination and the disease itself. The main conclusions of the study included that an increased health engagement directly impacted the intention to vaccinate, and the relationship was shown to be independent of age or gender. However, the overall levels of intention to vaccinate are not incredibly high, so to increase the intention, it would be important to make the population of Italy perceive themselves as proactive and get more involved in their own health promotion to promote vaccine acceptance.

Relationship Between Citizens' Health Engagement and Intention to Vaccinate Against COVID-19 in Italy

There have been many studies conducted on the psychological impact COVID-19 has on different age groups.

Michigan State University

The psychological effect COVID-19 is having on the populations affected by the pandemic

Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic

- Caregivers of people with mental health disorders 
- Parents of hospitalized newborns
- People quarantined or isolated
- People quarantined in abusive households 
- Patients with confirmed and suspected infections
- People who have had close contacts with patients
- People who refused to seek medical treatment
- People who are incarcerated  
- People with mental health disorders
- Medical care personnel/Health care workers
- Susceptible groups (elderly, children, pregnant women)
- Homeless population
- Migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers
- People who experience financial hardship and/or unemployment
- Mental health providers

Populations affected psychologically by the COVID-19 pandemic

- Historically, exaggerated fear of infection compared to other conditions because infection is rapid, invisible, and imminent; patient is a victim and a vector; high mortality and ever evolving
- Psychosocial consequences in previous acute outbreaks (SARS) included stigmatization caused by lack of preparedness that amplified physiological and psychological effects; fear, denial, frustration, three stages in the response to fear
- Psychosocial consequences of gradually evolving epidemics (AIDS): activism as double-edged sword where awareness augments health literacy but also enhances fear/sense of threat, especially when misinterpreted by media
- Fear of forthcoming epidemics (avian influenza, mad cow disease): highlighting subconscious and memories of past epidemics and how that distorts our perception and response to the perceived threat

Fear, germ panic, and psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases

COVID-19 Psychological Impacts Studied in Different Countries

There are several psychological factors that heavily effect the progression of the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. 

Psychological factors effecting COVID-19 vaccine progression 

Psychological effects on Covid-19 outcomes

- By Organization
- By Newspaper/Magazine/Website
-  By Educational Institution
- By Journal

References for Psychological Effects in COVID-19 Pandemic

In times of disaster, people turn to religion for comfort and explanation. In the article In Crisis, We Pray, the Abstract points out that the COVID-19 pandemic has created loss, anxiety, and a general sense of fear in a lot of communities. Bentzen researched that there were google searches 95 times for searches in prayer, and the prayer searches continued as churches, temples, mosques, etc. shut down due to COVID-19. There has been a demand for soul searching. Key Words: COVID-19 Pandemic, psychological coping, religiosity, empirical analysis, google search data.

In Crisis we Pray: Abstract 


The global pandemic has severely impacted our mental health. It is important to recognize how changes in our normal lives such as isolation, grief, financial instability, etc. have been the cause to changes in our behavioral psychology. 

The impacts of COVID-19 on behavioral health

To many, the COVID-19 pandemic was a traumatic life event. As such, it is possible that individuals may experience PTSD symptoms after experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of PTSD

The World Happiness is an annual report produced by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network.  The report primarily uses data gathered by the Gallup World Poll, and other additional sources, the study produces articles, rankings, and other figures.  It uses factors gathered from the surveys and other quality of life factors during the formation of the report.  

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