- Caregivers of people with mental health disorders 
- Parents of hospitalized newborns
- People quarantined or isolated
- People quarantined in abusive households 
- Patients with confirmed and suspected infections
- People who have had close contacts with patients
- People who refused to seek medical treatment
- People who are incarcerated  
- People with mental health disorders
- Medical care personnel/Health care workers
- Susceptible groups (elderly, children, pregnant women)
- Homeless population
- Migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers
- People who experience financial hardship and/or unemployment
- Mental health providers

Populations affected psychologically by the COVID-19 pandemic

- Historically, exaggerated fear of infection compared to other conditions because infection is rapid, invisible, and imminent; patient is a victim and a vector; high mortality and ever evolving
- Psychosocial consequences in previous acute outbreaks (SARS) included stigmatization caused by lack of preparedness that amplified physiological and psychological effects; fear, denial, frustration, three stages in the response to fear
- Psychosocial consequences of gradually evolving epidemics (AIDS): activism as double-edged sword where awareness augments health literacy but also enhances fear/sense of threat, especially when misinterpreted by media
- Fear of forthcoming epidemics (avian influenza, mad cow disease): highlighting subconscious and memories of past epidemics and how that distorts our perception and response to the perceived threat

Fear, germ panic, and psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases

There have been many studies conducted on the psychological impact COVID-19 has on different age groups.

COVID-19 Psychological Impacts Studied in Different Countries

There are several psychological factors that heavily effect the progression of the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. 

Psychological factors effecting COVID-19 vaccine progression 

Psychological effects on Covid-19 outcomes

- By Organization
- By Newspaper/Magazine/Website
-  By Educational Institution
- By Journal

References for Psychological Effects in COVID-19 Pandemic

In times of disaster, people turn to religion for comfort and explanation. In the article In Crisis, We Pray, the Abstract points out that the COVID-19 pandemic has created loss, anxiety, and a general sense of fear in a lot of communities. Bentzen researched that there were google searches 95 times for searches in prayer, and the prayer searches continued as churches, temples, mosques, etc. shut down due to COVID-19. There has been a demand for soul searching. Key Words: COVID-19 Pandemic, psychological coping, religiosity, empirical analysis, google search data.

In Crisis we Pray: Abstract 


The global pandemic has severely impacted our mental health. It is important to recognize how changes in our normal lives such as isolation, grief, financial instability, etc. have been the cause to changes in our behavioral psychology. 

The impacts of COVID-19 on behavioral health

To many, the COVID-19 pandemic was a traumatic life event. As such, it is possible that individuals may experience PTSD symptoms after experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of PTSD

The World Happiness is an annual report produced by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network.  The report primarily uses data gathered by the Gallup World Poll, and other additional sources, the study produces articles, rankings, and other figures.  It uses factors gathered from the surveys and other quality of life factors during the formation of the report.  

World Happiness Report 

The psychological effect COVID-19 is having on the populations affected by the pandemic

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

San Jose State University

Trinity College (CT)

Smith College

- Case Demographics of Patients
- Categorized by Geographic Location
- Communicable Period
- Control Strategies
- Disparate COVID-19 Outcomes
- Fatality
- Interventions
- Patient Comorbidities
- Patient Laboratory Results
- Psychological effects
- Recovery & Rehabilitation
- Re-opening of Childcare/ Educational Environments
- Secondary Infections
- Signs
- Symptomology
- Time from Onset to Reporting
- Telehealth (telemedicine)
- Transmission
- Risk Factors
- COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake

Focuses of Epidemiological studies on COVID-19

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the pandemic on March 11th

COVID-19 pandemic

Health Psychology research studies related to specific physical health conditions can be categorized into 
- Psychological Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic

Health Psychology Research Relating to Specific Physical Health Conditions

Due to differences in testing and case definitions, as well as how new COVID-19 is, the fatality of the virus is not well-defined yet.

Fatality of COVID-19

Countries have implemented multiple control strategies for reducing the spread of COVID-19, such as closing schools and businesses to enforce social distancing.

Struggle pertaining to controlling the virus:
The epidemiology of the respiratory virus changes rapidly. Reponses have to be nimble. Given that everyone is susceptible to for which we lack effective biologic interventions, the response has required large-scale behavior change, including social distancing and public masking.

Control Strategies for COVID-19

- Age
- Education
- Employment
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Income
- Marital status
- Race





Case Demographics of Patients with COVID-19

- Asia
- Africa 
- North America
- South America
- Europe
- Australia & Oceania 

Epidemiological studies on COVID-19 Categorized by Continents

The progression of COVID-19 varies greatly by individual and demographic, as do many of the factors related to the disease. Studies have been analyzing the disease progression timeline, or the time frames before patients feel symptoms, are admitted to the hospital, are admitted to the ICU, are put on a mechanical ventilator, experience acute respiratory distress syndrome, etc. Not every COVID-19 case will reach each of these events.

COVID-19 Clinical Disease Progression Timeline

- 0-19 (n=123): 0%
- 20-44 (n=705): 0.1–0.2%
- 45-54 (n=429): 0.5–0.8%
- 55-64 (n=429): 1.4–2.6%
- 65-74 (n=409): 2.7–4.9%
- 75-84 (n=210): 4.3–10.5%
- greater than or equal to 85 (n=144): 10.4–27.3%
- Total (n=2,449): 1.8–3.4%

Case-Fatality Among COVID-19 Patients in the United States by Age

Following a primary infection of SARS-CoV-2, some patients acquire a secondary infection of SARS-CoV-2, or a co-infection with a different bacteria or virus

Secondary/Co-Infections of COVID-19

COVID-19 patients have gone through laboratory testing to determine the impact and extent of SARS-CoV-2 on the body.

COVID-19 Laboratory Results

The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has produced or highlighted disparate outcomes of different types between population groups all over the world. Health disparities can highlight inequitable access, treatment, etc. within a country or state and often indicate the need for public health intervention.

Disparate COVID-19 Outcomes

Due to the varying experiences for those with COVID-19, recovery and rehabilitation look different for many individuals. As a baseline, "for persons recovered from COVID-19 illness, CDC recommends that isolation be maintained for at least 10 days after illness onset and at least 3 days (72 hours) after recovery. Illness onset is defined as the date symptoms begin. Recovery is defined as resolution of fever without the use of fever-reducing medications with progressive improvement or resolution of other symptoms. Ideally, isolation should be maintained for this full period to the extent that it is practicable under rapidly changing circumstances."

COVID-19 Recovery & Rehabilitation

- Resuscitation
- Convalescent Plasma (CP) Transfusion

COVID-19 Patient Interventions

The seroprevalence of COVID-19 is the measurement of the level of the pathogen in a population. There have been difficulties with estimating the seroprevalence in large populations because of the unknown qualities of COVID-19, expense in widespread population collection, asymptomatic infection, etc.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) 

A communicable period is defined as the interval from the first day of positive ribonucleic acid test to the first day of continuous negative test. For COVID-19, the communicable period has been established as two days before onset of symptoms until three days of symptom relief and no fever. 

Communicable Period of COVID-19

- Fever (when high temperature is measured)
- Laboratory confirmation of illness via viral testing
- Radiological lung abnormalities such as ground-glass chest and stripe shadowing


Clinical Characteristics of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients

Telehealth are health-related services and information through electronic communication technologies to help patients with or people influenced by COVID-19. It allows long-distance patient and clinician care, education, and monitoring. Telemedicine is sometimes used as a synonym, or is used in a more limited sense to describe remote clinical services, such as diagnosis and monitoring. 

Telehealth (telemedicine) and COVID-19

Presence and severity of symptoms of COVID-19 depend largely on individual characteristics. COVID-19 produces both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection.

Symptomology of COVID-19 

Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 comorbidities are high risk conditions that put patients at greater risk for infection and negative outcomes. Some COVID-19 comorbidities have been found to be: 
- Cancer 
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Diabetes
- Digestive Diseases
- HIV
- Hypertension
- Immunological Disease
- Liver Injury
- Obesity
- Renal disease
- Respiratory System Disease

COVID-19 Patient Comorbidities

- Schools (K-12)

- Universities/Colleges

- Summer Camps

- Daycares

- Nurseries

Re-opening Childcare/ Educational Environments

COVID-19 is spread through person-to-person transmission. The virus spreads mainly through close personal contact (such as when people are within 6 feet of one another) and through the respiratory droplets of someone infected with COVID-19.  Aerosol transmission is also likely, but the relative contribution of these smaller respiratory particles is not completely understood. While less common, spreading can also occur when people touch contaminated objects or surfaces and then their faces, eyes, or mouth. 

Transmission of COVID-19

- smoking
- high BMI
- old age
- congregate housing
- environmental conditions
- Immune system conditions

Risk Factors For COVID-19

We can explore factors that affect the uptake of established adult vaccinations to inform efforts of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. 

- Social Factors 
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs
- Racial Factors
- Age

COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a lot of implications on policy decisions and the political spheres in many countries and regions 

Politics, Policy and the COVID-19 pandemic

How the pandemic has affected global, national and local economies

Economic impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

There are worldwide curfews, quarantines, and similar restrictions (variously described as stay-at-home orders, shelter-in-place orders, shutdowns or lockdowns) related to the COVID-19 pandemic and established to prevent further spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns

Health authorities in China contacted the World Health Organization (WHO) that there was a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei. By January 30th, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). At the time there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.

Epidemiology of COVID-19

- Realtime Coronavirus Statistics
- Universal COVID-19 Trends (UC Davis CALSERVE)
- World COVID-19 Statistics

-John Hopkins University and Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center

List of Websites With Useful Statistics on COVID-19 Pandemic

The effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system and the human brain.

Neurological impacts and neuroscience (neurobiology) of COVID-19

Numerous organizations such as Johns Hopkins University, IBM, and Tableau have released interactive databases to track real-time Covid-19 statistics. Data Scientists all around are working closely with medical professionals and utilizing this data in order to help combat the virus. 

https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-track-the-coronavirus-dashboard-delivers-real-time-view-of-the-deadly-virus/


Using Data Science to understand COVID-19

Altered human activity as a result of COVID-19 produced various effects on the environment, both positive and negative. These effects often correlated with lockdown periods and included variations in types of manmade pollutants. While some research indicates these effects are due to natural fluctuations and cannot be attributed to the pandemic, understanding how human activity may or may not impact the environment is important for predicting future environmental health. 

COVID-19 Environmental Effects

The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how students were educated. Notable classes moved to an online format and schools adopted many policies to compensate (e.g., grading, testing, etc.)

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Education

How health information technology is being used to fight COVID-19

Health Information Technology and COVID-19

The media portrayal of older adults as “frail” and “difficult” and the younger population to be immune to the virus to a large degree perpetuated ageism. The intergenerational division was also furthered by the need for younger adults to avoid or isolate when in proximity to older people to avoid spreading the virus to the more vulnerable. Essentially, this placed the burden to protect the geriatric members of society on the younger population and caused a change in generational dynamics.

COVID-19 and Ageism

During the COVID-19 pandemic, scarce medical resources force healthcare systems under crisis standards to make difficult decisions regarding triage, allocation, and reallocation. These decisions must be guided by ethical principles and should not be made by individual bedside clinicians. Additionally, healthcare workers must maintain transparency, clear communication, and a dedication to providing the highest quality of care to patients, including palliative care.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After