Deaf culture refers to the shared customs, educational institutions, and languages that characterize communities of deaf individuals, both in the United States and globally.

Deaf Culture

A significant value within deaf culture is the continuation of its traditions, including the use of sign language. This cultural viewpoint often favors embracing deaf identity over adopting medical interventions like cochlear implants or oralist methods such as lip-reading and speech training.

Deaf Cultural Perspective on Hearing Interventions

Congenital deafness is a condition in which a person is born without the ability to hear.

Congenital Deafness

Conductive hearing loss is a type of auditory impairment characterized by a failure in the transmission of sound energy to the cochlea. This condition specifically involves problems with the mechanical components of the ear, such as a failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or a failure in the movement of the ossicles.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Sensorineural hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that occurs when a hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea in the inner ear to the brain. It is recognized as the most common form of hearing loss.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Deafness refers to the partial or complete inability to hear.

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Hearing loss and deafness can occur at any stage of life and may result from various factors. Due to the mechanical nature of sound transmission through the ear, some degree of hearing loss is considered inevitable over a lifetime. Generally, hearing loss is categorized by issues in one of three areas: the failure of sound vibrations to reach the cochlea, problems with the cochlea's conversion of sound to action potentials, or dysfunction within the brain's auditory processing systems.

Hearing Loss and Deafness

The perception of sound is called hearing, or auditory perception. The perception of sound happens through the perception of noise through vibrations, changes in pressure within the surrounding medium, through the ear (in humans). 

Hearing (auditory perception)

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

HEaring loss that occurs when the outer or middle ear prevents vibrations from reaching the cochlea. The nervous ystem is generally not causing the hearing loss.

Conduction deafness

The auditory nerve fibers aren't able to excite in a normal manner. This hearing loss is generally perminant. It might be caused by genes affecting hair cell structure, drugs altering the structure of receptors, environmental stimuli such as noise polution or continuous stimulation as with headphones.

Sensorineural deafness

Hearing loss caused by brain lesions. There are many types of central deafness, such as cortical damage to specific parts causing word deafness, cortical deafness, or any variety of deafness caused by a stroke.

Central deafness

• Mild Hearing Loss

• Moderate Hearing Loss

• Severe Hearing Loss

• Profound Hearing Loss

Degree of Hearing Loss or Deafness

Students who are deaf/hard of hearing (DHH) are a diverse, linguistic minority; therefore, educators must carefully consider a wide‐range of issues when determining how to best match assessments to the unique characteristics of DHH students, especially when the results of these assessments will have direct impact on the academic placement of and services offered to the student.


Assessments of Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Students

Childhood experience of exposure to noise, which causes of abnormal acoustic experience in adulthood, is poorly understood. 


Impact of abnormal acoustic activity, and exposure to acoustic stimuli early in life. 

Deafness

Ear horns were the beginning, which can be simulated by creating a cup over your ear with a hand. There are also hearing aids which amplify environmental sounds. Cochlear implants deliver electrical stimuli directly to the cochlea if the receptors are damaged. So far there is no evidence that hair cells in the ear can be regrown through life.

Treatments for Deafness

Deafness can be present from birth (congenital) or develop later in life. Acquired deafness can be attributed to various factors, including the natural aging process, an individual's genetic makeup, or exposure to certain environmental conditions.

Causes of Deafness

Based on the following scenario, identify which of the three primary categories of hearing impairment the individual is most likely experiencing. Explain your reasoning by linking the location of the damage to its effect on the hearing process.

Analysis of Hearing Impairment

- speech segmentation
- audio and somatosensory processing

Focuses of hearing (auditory perception)

Sound localization is the auditory ability to identify the origin of a sound within an environment, which is a crucial aspect of hearing. This ability is analogous to depth perception in the visual system. Just as depth perception relies on monocular and binocular visual cues, the auditory system utilizes both monaural (one-eared) and binaural (two-eared) cues to pinpoint where a sound is coming from.

Sound Localization

A musician plays a single note on a flute, and then plays the exact same note on a tuba. A listener perceives the tuba's note as being much lower and the flute's note as being much higher, even though they are played at the same volume. Which statement correctly analyzes the fundamental difference in the physical properties of the sound waves produced by each instrument to create this perceptual distinction?

Humans can hear sound frequencies from about $$20$$ Hz to $$20{,}000$$ Hz, and human hearing is most sensitive to frequencies near the middle of that range.

Human Audible Frequency Range

Audible frequency range is the span of sound frequencies a species can hear, and this range differs across species. In the textbook examples, chickens hear roughly $$125$$ to $$2000$$ Hz, mice hear roughly $$1000$$ to $$91000$$ Hz, beluga whales hear roughly $$1000$$ to $$123000$$ Hz, dogs hear about $$70$$ to $$45000$$ Hz, and cats hear about $$45$$ to $$64000$$ Hz.

Species Differences in Audible Frequency Range

There are multiple theories proposed to explain how the auditory system accounts for pitch perception, with two prominent models being the temporal theory and the place theory.

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