Dengue is transmitted by the Aedes species of mosquitoes. Infections are characterized as vasculopathy as a result of complement activation and enhancing antibodies. 

Dengue Pathogenesis/Vector

Dengue Fever is diagnosed through an analysis of antibodies using ELISA or other molecular assays. Specifically, physicians look for viral antigens or RNA within the tissue that are associated with the arbovirus. 

Diagnosing Dengue Fever

- Break-bone Fever
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Presentation of Maternal Dengue Infection

These include fetal/neonatal hemorrhages. 

Fetal/Neonatal Anomalies from Dengue

Available vaccines for the various serotypes of Dengue are under review and may become commercially available. 

Vaccines for Dengue

Dengue is now prevalent in Yucatan and other coastal, tropical areas. All four dengue serotypes are present and incidence rates peaked in 2002, 2007 and 2009.

Dengue in the Gulf of Mexico

Dengue viruses are vector-borne diseases commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates that cause fever, nausea, rashes and body aches. In high risk areas, Dengue is the leading cause of death therefore it is essential that there is appropriate investment in surveillance methods that can prevent outbreaks of Dengue. 

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- Dengue
- Zika
- Japanese Encephalitis
- West Nile
- Rift Valley Fever
- Chikungunya
- Yellow Fever

Arboviruses Causing Pregnancy Associated Infections

- Chikungunya
- Dengue
- Rift Valley fever
- Yellow Fever
- Zika
- Japanese encephalitis
- West Nile fever
- Sandfly fever (phlebotomus fever)
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
- Tick-borne encephalitis

Examples of vector borne viral diseases (arboviruses)

Hotez, P. J., Bottazzi, M. E., Dumonteil, E., &amp; Buekens, P. (2015). The Gulf of Mexico: A “Hot Zone” for Neglected Tropical Diseases? PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003481

The Gulf of Mexico: A "Hot Zone" for Tropical Diseases?

https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/symptoms/index.html

CDC: Dengue Virus

Nausheen, F., S. Bashir, S., &amp; N. Atapattu, D. (2018). Pregnancy associated arbovirus infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.15761/cmid.1000138 

Pregnancy Associated Arbovirus Infections

- Pathogenesis/Vector
- Presentation of Maternal Infection
- Diagnosis
- Fetal/Neonatal Abnormalities
- Vaccines

Dengue

Zika Virus

Rift Valley Fever

Chikungunya

West Nile Virus

Yellow Fever

Japanese Encephalitis

Spread most often by mosquitos in tropical and sub-temperate climates of Asia, Japanese Encephalitis Virus typically affects children under age 15, but is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and adults in Asia.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)

The most widely spread arbovirus in the world, West Nile Virus is primarily spread to humans through mosquitos. West Nile virus infections may produce febrile illness or severe fever; however, most individuals who are infected with the virus are asymptomatic. Outbreaks of West Nile are so dangerous because, currently, there are not any available vaccines or antiviral treatments. 

West Nile

A viral disease most often spread to humans from domesticated animals in sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley Fever is more likely to cause severe illness in the animals than in the humans the virus is spread to.

Discovered in east Africa, Chikungunya virus is spread by mosquitoes across Asia and South America as well, causing a flu like illness.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)

Yellow Fever Virus is primarily spread through mosquitoes in densely populated areas of Africa.

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV)

First isolated in the Zika forest in Uganda, this virus is spread primarily by mosquitos in tropical and subtropical climates.

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