IgM-ELISA, plague reduction neutralization test and viral isolation PCR diagnostic tests are used to detect West Nile. 

Diagnosing West Nile Virus

Cytokines are produced which elicit inflammatory effects resulting in cell death of neurons. The Culex species of mosquitoes are the vectors for this arbovirus. 

West Nile Virus Pathogenesis/Vector

Clinical manifestations of West Nile in pregnant women include fever, headache, back pain, generalized weakness and pain, myalgia, anorexia, aseptic meningitis/encephalitis. 

Maternal West Nile Virus Infection Presentation

Congenital malformations include microencephaly, polydactyly, chorioretinitis and growth retardation of infants. 

Fetal/Neonatal Abnormalities from West Nile Virus

There are no available vaccines for West Nile. 

Vaccines for West Nile Virus

- Pathogenesis/Vector
- Presentation of Maternal Infection
- Diagnosis
- Fetal/Neonatal Abnormalities
- Vaccines

Tulane University

- Dengue
- Zika
- Japanese Encephalitis
- West Nile
- Rift Valley Fever
- Chikungunya
- Yellow Fever

Arboviruses Causing Pregnancy Associated Infections

Nausheen, F., S. Bashir, S., &amp; N. Atapattu, D. (2018). Pregnancy associated arbovirus infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.15761/cmid.1000138 

Pregnancy Associated Arbovirus Infections

Dengue

Zika Virus

Rift Valley Fever

Chikungunya

West Nile Virus

Yellow Fever

Japanese Encephalitis

Spread most often by mosquitos in tropical and sub-temperate climates of Asia, Japanese Encephalitis Virus typically affects children under age 15, but is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and adults in Asia.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)

The most widely spread arbovirus in the world, West Nile Virus is primarily spread to humans through mosquitos. West Nile virus infections may produce febrile illness or severe fever; however, most individuals who are infected with the virus are asymptomatic. Outbreaks of West Nile are so dangerous because, currently, there are not any available vaccines or antiviral treatments. 

West Nile

Dengue viruses are vector-borne diseases commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates that cause fever, nausea, rashes and body aches. In high risk areas, Dengue is the leading cause of death therefore it is essential that there is appropriate investment in surveillance methods that can prevent outbreaks of Dengue. 

A viral disease most often spread to humans from domesticated animals in sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley Fever is more likely to cause severe illness in the animals than in the humans the virus is spread to.

Discovered in east Africa, Chikungunya virus is spread by mosquitoes across Asia and South America as well, causing a flu like illness.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)

Yellow Fever Virus is primarily spread through mosquitoes in densely populated areas of Africa.

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV)

First isolated in the Zika forest in Uganda, this virus is spread primarily by mosquitos in tropical and subtropical climates.

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