Live chimeric and inactivated vaccines are available

Vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis

A cytokine storm is produced during the infection, inducing neuroinflammation which results in cellular apoptosis. The Culex species of mosquitoes are the vectors in this disease-transmission. 

Japanese Encephalitis Pathogenesis/Vector

Clinical manifestations of Japanese Encephalitis in pregnant women include acute encephalitis. This involves symptoms such as headache, aseptic meningitis, febrile illness, vomiting and full body weakness. 

Maternal Japanese Encephalitis Infection Presentation

Diagnosing Japanese encephalitis includes the use of IgM-ELISA tests and RT-PCR analyses for viral RNA. 

Diagnosing Japanese Encephalitis

IgM-ELISA and RT-PCR diagnostic tests are used to detect viral RNA

Fetal/Neonatal Abnormalities from Japanese Encephalitis

Spread most often by mosquitos in tropical and sub-temperate climates of Asia, Japanese Encephalitis Virus typically affects children under age 15, but is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and adults in Asia.

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- Dengue
- Zika
- Japanese Encephalitis
- West Nile
- Rift Valley Fever
- Chikungunya
- Yellow Fever

Arboviruses Causing Pregnancy Associated Infections

- Chikungunya
- Dengue
- Rift Valley fever
- Yellow Fever
- Zika
- Japanese encephalitis
- West Nile fever
- Sandfly fever (phlebotomus fever)
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
- Tick-borne encephalitis

Examples of vector borne viral diseases (arboviruses)

Nausheen, F., S. Bashir, S., &amp; N. Atapattu, D. (2018). Pregnancy associated arbovirus infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.15761/cmid.1000138 

Pregnancy Associated Arbovirus Infections

- Pathogenesis/Vector
- Presentation of Maternal Infection
- Diagnosis
- Fetal/Neonatal Abnormalities
- Vaccines

Dengue

Zika Virus

Rift Valley Fever

Chikungunya

West Nile Virus

Yellow Fever

Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)

The most widely spread arbovirus in the world, West Nile Virus is primarily spread to humans through mosquitos. West Nile virus infections may produce febrile illness or severe fever; however, most individuals who are infected with the virus are asymptomatic. Outbreaks of West Nile are so dangerous because, currently, there are not any available vaccines or antiviral treatments. 

West Nile

Dengue viruses are vector-borne diseases commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates that cause fever, nausea, rashes and body aches. In high risk areas, Dengue is the leading cause of death therefore it is essential that there is appropriate investment in surveillance methods that can prevent outbreaks of Dengue. 

A viral disease most often spread to humans from domesticated animals in sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley Fever is more likely to cause severe illness in the animals than in the humans the virus is spread to.

Discovered in east Africa, Chikungunya virus is spread by mosquitoes across Asia and South America as well, causing a flu like illness.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)

Yellow Fever Virus is primarily spread through mosquitoes in densely populated areas of Africa.

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV)

First isolated in the Zika forest in Uganda, this virus is spread primarily by mosquitos in tropical and subtropical climates.

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