The boundary between normative and abnormal behavior is quite blurry during childhood. This is because children are still learning acceptable social behavior and acting out is part of the normative process. Factors such as duration/intensity, frequency, and form must be considered during psychoanalysis to ensure proper accuracy and differential diagnosis. 

Recognizing Pathological, Oppositional Behavior From Normative

While anger is expressed differently and for diffferent reasons, this emotion begins to apppear during the toddler years. 

Anger and Development 

During assessment, the clinician must consider the developmental stage of the child to distinguish normative oppositional behavior from pathological.

Arizona State University

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined as a behavior disorder with characteristics such as hostility and defiant behavior with authority figures, peers, and family.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Matthys, & Lochman, J. E. (2017). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in childhood (Second edition.). Wiley Blackwell.


Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in childhood 

ODD Classification 

Development is a Crucial Consideration When Assessing for ODD

Reference for Causes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

The following are factors that cause oppositional defiant disorder:

* Environmental factors
* Genetic factors
* Biological factors


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