Discourses cohere by talking about the same topics and subtopics, and drawing on the same semantic fields in doing so.

Local Coherence

Knowledge about linguistic units larger than a single utterance

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Information extraction
- Machine translation
- Discourse, dialogue and pragmatics
- Natural language generation
- Speech recognition
- Lexical semantics
- Phonology / morphology
- Language resources

Natural language processing in ACM Computing Classification

An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition
https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp2.html

Speech and Language Processing (2nd edition)

NLG, a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), is a software process that automatically transforms data into plain-English content.

Natural language generation

Speech recognition

Phonology / Phonetics

Knowledge of the meaningful components of words; more specifically, the way words break down into components that carry meanings like singular vs. plural, I'm, can't, etc.

Morphology

Lexical semantics

Discourse

Knowledge of the relationship of meaning to the goals and intentions of the speaker.

Pragmatics

Information extraction

Because the space of possible target sentences is extremely large, a translation system often assigns scores to candidate outputs and uses a search procedure to find a strong result. If the final translation is poor, optimization verification can help determine whether the problem came from search failing to find the best-scoring candidate or from the scoring function itself ranking the wrong candidates too highly.

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