Knowledge of the relationship of meaning to the goals and intentions of the speaker.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Information extraction
- Machine translation
- Discourse, dialogue and pragmatics
- Natural language generation
- Speech recognition
- Lexical semantics
- Phonology / morphology
- Language resources

Natural language processing in ACM Computing Classification

An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition
https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp2.html

Speech and Language Processing (2nd edition)

NLG, a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), is a software process that automatically transforms data into plain-English content.

Natural language generation

Speech recognition

Phonology / Phonetics

Knowledge of the meaningful components of words; more specifically, the way words break down into components that carry meanings like singular vs. plural, I'm, can't, etc.

Morphology

Lexical semantics

Knowledge about linguistic units larger than a single utterance

Discourse

Information extraction

Because the space of possible target sentences is extremely large, a translation system often assigns scores to candidate outputs and uses a search procedure to find a strong result. If the final translation is poor, optimization verification can help determine whether the problem came from search failing to find the best-scoring candidate or from the scoring function itself ranking the wrong candidates too highly.

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