Morphologically, languages are characterized along two dimensions. 
- The first dimension is the number of morphemes per word. For example, isolation languages (Vietnamese and Cantonese) where each word has one morpheme, and polysynthetic languages ( Siberian Yupik aka Eskimo) where a word can correspond to an entire English sentence. 
- The second dimension is the degree in which morphemes are segmentable. For example, agglutinative languages (Turkish) where morphemes have clear boundaries, and fusion languages (Russian) where a single affix may conflate multiple morphemes.

Morphological Topology

Knowledge of the meaningful components of words; more specifically, the way words break down into components that carry meanings like singular vs. plural, I'm, can't, etc.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Information extraction
- Machine translation
- Discourse, dialogue and pragmatics
- Natural language generation
- Speech recognition
- Lexical semantics
- Phonology / morphology
- Language resources

Natural language processing in ACM Computing Classification

An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition
https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp2.html

Speech and Language Processing (2nd edition)

NLG, a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), is a software process that automatically transforms data into plain-English content.

Natural language generation

Speech recognition

Phonology / Phonetics

Morphology

Lexical semantics

Knowledge about linguistic units larger than a single utterance

Discourse

Knowledge of the relationship of meaning to the goals and intentions of the speaker.

Pragmatics

Information extraction

Machine translation is a sequence-to-sequence learning problem that involves ingesting a sentence in a source language and predicting its corresponding translation in a target language. A major challenge in this task is unaligned data, because the input and output sequences can have varying lengths and the corresponding words or regions may appear in completely different orders.

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