A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose. 
 
- Metabolic tolerance 
- Functional tolerance 
- Behavioral Tolerance
- Cross-tolerance 
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Sensitization 


Drug tolerance

The amount of drug that reaches the brain and the speed with which is starts acting are determined in part by the drug's route of administration. 
- bioavailable
- biotransformation
- pharmacokinetics
- blood brain barrier

Drugs are administered and eliminated in many different ways

May result from single-agent drugs but are more likely to occur when multiple agents that have side effects/risk are administered together 

Drug-Induced Neurologic Conditions 


Some major categories of psychoactive drugs impact and affect behavior: 
- antipsychotics relieve schizophrenia
- antidepressants reduce chronic mood problems
- anxiolytics combat anxiety
- opiates relieve pain

Neuroactive drugs used to ease the symptoms of injury or psychiatric illness

Some of the major classes of neuroactive drugs that modify consciousness include: 
- cannabinoids 
- stimulants
- hallucinogenics 

Neuroactive Drugs Used to alter conscious experiences

Rutgers University

Grinnell College

Bowdoin College

- Drugs
- Drug effects
- Injury or psychiatric illness
- Drug abuse and addiction

Aspects of neuropharmacology

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Drug Effects 

The main differences between drug abuse and addiction are the level of use and the resulting change in the brain. That said, there is much overlap between the two.

Drug abuse and addiction

- Medicine used in the treatment of a disease 
- Examples include psychoactive drugs which alter functions of the brain and affect conscious experiences

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