The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance.

Biotransformation

Collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body.

Pharmacokinetics

The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood 

Blood-brain barrier

Humans have devised a variety of techniques for introducing substances into the body.
- ingestion 
- inhalation
- peripheral injection
- central injection

The routes of administration of drugs  

Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms.

Bioavailability of substances

The amount of drug that reaches the brain and the speed with which is starts acting are determined in part by the drug's route of administration. 
- bioavailable
- biotransformation
- pharmacokinetics
- blood brain barrier

Bowdoin College

Drug Effects 

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose. 
 
- Metabolic tolerance 
- Functional tolerance 
- Behavioral Tolerance
- Cross-tolerance 
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Sensitization 


Drug tolerance

Drugs are administered and eliminated in many different ways

May result from single-agent drugs but are more likely to occur when multiple agents that have side effects/risk are administered together 

Drug-Induced Neurologic Conditions 


Some major categories of psychoactive drugs impact and affect behavior: 
- antipsychotics relieve schizophrenia
- antidepressants reduce chronic mood problems
- anxiolytics combat anxiety
- opiates relieve pain

Neuroactive drugs used to ease the symptoms of injury or psychiatric illness

Some of the major classes of neuroactive drugs that modify consciousness include: 
- cannabinoids 
- stimulants
- hallucinogenics 

Learn Before

Related

Learn After