Ecotones in urban landscape can bring together human, vectors, and reservoir hosts, thus increases contact and risk of transmission.


Effects of Ecotones in Urban Landscape

An ecotone is an edge or transitional zone between adjacent ecological systems where biophysical factors, biological activity, and ecological evolutionary processes are concentrated and intensified.

University of California, Davis

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Before urbanization, the interaction between wildlife, livestock, and human is less frequent because the territories of wildlife and humans rarely overlaps. However, urbanization forced wildlife to flee from their territories or reside with the human population. Such fragmentation of natural biomes due to urbanization led to a mix of habitats and consequences that changed disease epidemiology. Two of which are:
- Creation of ecotones
- Resource Provisioning

Changes in the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface in Urban Landscape

Resource provisioning is the clumping of resources that occurs in local and landscape scales such as informal livestock keeping. This can lead to an increase of pathogen hosts/vectors.

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