- Amlodipine
- Apilimod
- Arbidol + lopinavir/ritonavir 
- Azithromycin
- Azithromycin+Hydroxychloroquine
- Camostat mesylate
- Chloroquine
- Chloroquine + macrolide (Azithromycin or clarithromycin)
- Clofazimine
- Colchicine
- Corticosteroids 
- Diltiazem
- Dexamethasone
- Famotidine
- Favipiravir
- Felodipine 
- Heparin
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Interferon-α2b 
- Lopinavir-Ritonavir
- Nifedipine
- Nitazoxanide
- Oseltamivir
- Propolis
- Rapamycin
- Remdesivir
- Ribavirin
- Tocilizumab
- Verapamil
- Statin
-Tofacitinib

Use of existing drugs to mitigate COVID-19

The sensationalizing of certain medications as treatment for COVID-19 in the media and by prominent public figures despite lack of scientific support has led to a range of public responses. 

Health Behaviors Related to COVID-19 Drug Treatment

- use of existing drugs to mitigate COVID-19
- health behaviors related to COVID-19 drug treatment

Michigan State University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Drugs
- Antiviral Treatments
- Drug-Drug Interactions of Proposed Treatments
- Traditional Treatments
- COVID-19 Pharmacokinetics

Interventions for COVID-19 treatment

- effective drug targets and candidates
- ineffective drug targets and candidates
- theoretical drug targets and candidates

Drug Targets and Candidates of COVID-19

- JAMA
- The Lancet
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
- Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Autoimmunity Reviews
- Preprint (MedRxiv)
- Journal of Infection
- New England Journal of Medicine 
- Journal of Translational Medicine 
- ACS Central Science
- Microbial Pathogenesis 
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
- Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 
- Gut
- Biological Procedures Online
- Cell Metabolism
- Clinica Chimica Acta
- Bioscience Trends
- Metabolism Open
- Cureus
- Clinical Lung Cancer
- Clinical Microbiology and Infection
- Medical Hypotheses
- Journal of Wound Care
- Blood
- Science Translational Medicine
- New Journal of Chemistry
- Journal of Dental Research
- Elsevier

References for treatment interventions of COVID-19 by journal

Effective COVID-19 Drug Targets and Candidates

- Pharmaceutical Technology

- Medical News
- Science Daily
- Rapid Microbiology News
- Science Mission
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- ScienceAlert

References for treatment interventions of COVID-19 by news sites

No is naturally produced by the body and its functions include acting like a hormone in controlling various organs. Experts at Uppsala University have found that NO is the only substance seen so far to have a direct effect on the virus. It helps to reduce inflammation thereby decreasing the severity of the infection. 

NO (Nitric oxide) might be a possible treatment of COVID-19

Researchers have found that the patients who were using statins to manage their cholesterol levels are less likely to get infected and when they do, they recover faster than patients who do not take statins. They do so by removing cholesterol from the cell membrane which prevents the entry of the virus into the cell. 

Statins reduce COVID-19 severity, most likely by removing cholesterol that the virus uses to infect

Researchers isolate nanobodies from Alpaca blood that attach themselves to the spike protein of receptor ACE2, which prevents the entry of the virus into the cell. Thereby, the virus cannot infect the cell as its entry has been blocked. These nanobodies can be used as potent antiviral treatment against the virus. 

Nanobodies may be used as an antiviral treatment against COVID-19

- Inhaled nebulized interferon beta-1a (SNG001) 

Antiviral Treatments for COVID-19

Staff, S. X. (2021, January 25). Common drug colchicine brings hope to COVID fight: Canadian research. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-common-drug-colchicine-covid-canadian.html

Common drug colchicine brings hope to COVID fight: Canadian research

Colchicine is an inexpensive anti-inflammatory drug which can be used to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and possibly death from COVID-19. Colchicine is extracted from a plant known as Colchicum autumnale and is used to treat various diseases. It is a tablet that can be taken orally. A Canadian study done by the Montreal Heart Institute called Colcorona, has found promising results. The study has seen 20% reduction in hospitalizations & deaths when Colchicine is used to treat COVID-19. With the use of this drug there is also reduction of 50% need for ventilators and reduction of 44% deaths. This drug is readily available in many developing countries and poor countries. Colchicine can reduce hospital congestion.

Colcorona Study: Canadian Research

Drug-Drug Interactions of COVID-19 Treatments

Traditional Treatments

COVID-19 currently has multiple treatment options for infected patients from existing medications that are being repurposed for COVID-19. This generally consists of antiviral medications or anti inflammatory drugs. It is essential to explore the properties of and actions of the drug in the body of COVID-19 patients. The use of these drugs will be affected by their disease state, thus impacting the efficacy and/or safety of these medications. As a result drug therapies may have to be monitored for adverse reactions especially considering patients will likely be on multiple medications at once, posing a risk for drug-drug interactions. A pharmacological analysis is necessary to determine the best and safest option for managing COVID-19 with medication.

Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19: What's next? 

COVID-19 can alter the patient's body functions and impact how the body interacts with certain drugs. As a result, it is likely certain alternations or adjustments will have to be made to medications as to not harm the patient further.

Pharmacokinetics and COVID-19

These are drugs or drug targets that are either ineffective in mitigating COVID-19 or a SARS-CoV-2 infection, or they exacerbate the conditions. 

- ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is)
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Ineffective COVID-19 Drug Targets and Candidates

There are existing drugs that could, in theory, based on their physiological roles, have a positive pharmacological effect on treating or preventing COVID-19.  These drugs may not have been tested yet, or they may have been proved to be ineffective.  

- ACE2 inhibitors
- serine protease inhibitors
- Mas receptor activators
- SARS-S and MERS-S inhibitors 
- soluble ACE2 receptors
- combination therapies
- N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
- antimicrobial peptides
- androgen receptors
- probiotics targeting the gut microbiota
- coronaviral protease inhibitors
- ACE inhibitors + Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- JAK inhibitors
- Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

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