- JAMA
- The Lancet
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
- Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Autoimmunity Reviews
- Preprint (MedRxiv)
- Journal of Infection
- New England Journal of Medicine 
- Journal of Translational Medicine 
- ACS Central Science
- Microbial Pathogenesis 
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
- Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 
- Gut
- Biological Procedures Online
- Cell Metabolism
- Clinica Chimica Acta
- Bioscience Trends
- Metabolism Open
- Cureus
- Clinical Lung Cancer
- Clinical Microbiology and Infection
- Medical Hypotheses
- Journal of Wound Care
- Blood
- Science Translational Medicine
- New Journal of Chemistry
- Journal of Dental Research
- Elsevier

References for treatment interventions of COVID-19 by journal

- use of existing drugs to mitigate COVID-19
- health behaviors related to COVID-19 drug treatment

Effective COVID-19 Drug Targets and Candidates

- Pharmaceutical Technology

- Medical News
- Science Daily
- Rapid Microbiology News
- Science Mission
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- ScienceAlert

References for treatment interventions of COVID-19 by news sites

No is naturally produced by the body and its functions include acting like a hormone in controlling various organs. Experts at Uppsala University have found that NO is the only substance seen so far to have a direct effect on the virus. It helps to reduce inflammation thereby decreasing the severity of the infection. 

NO (Nitric oxide) might be a possible treatment of COVID-19

Researchers have found that the patients who were using statins to manage their cholesterol levels are less likely to get infected and when they do, they recover faster than patients who do not take statins. They do so by removing cholesterol from the cell membrane which prevents the entry of the virus into the cell. 

Statins reduce COVID-19 severity, most likely by removing cholesterol that the virus uses to infect

Researchers isolate nanobodies from Alpaca blood that attach themselves to the spike protein of receptor ACE2, which prevents the entry of the virus into the cell. Thereby, the virus cannot infect the cell as its entry has been blocked. These nanobodies can be used as potent antiviral treatment against the virus. 

Nanobodies may be used as an antiviral treatment against COVID-19

- Inhaled nebulized interferon beta-1a (SNG001) 

Antiviral Treatments for COVID-19

Staff, S. X. (2021, January 25). Common drug colchicine brings hope to COVID fight: Canadian research. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-common-drug-colchicine-covid-canadian.html

Common drug colchicine brings hope to COVID fight: Canadian research

Colchicine is an inexpensive anti-inflammatory drug which can be used to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and possibly death from COVID-19. Colchicine is extracted from a plant known as Colchicum autumnale and is used to treat various diseases. It is a tablet that can be taken orally. A Canadian study done by the Montreal Heart Institute called Colcorona, has found promising results. The study has seen 20% reduction in hospitalizations & deaths when Colchicine is used to treat COVID-19. With the use of this drug there is also reduction of 50% need for ventilators and reduction of 44% deaths. This drug is readily available in many developing countries and poor countries. Colchicine can reduce hospital congestion.

Colcorona Study: Canadian Research

Drug-Drug Interactions of COVID-19 Treatments

Traditional Treatments

COVID-19 currently has multiple treatment options for infected patients from existing medications that are being repurposed for COVID-19. This generally consists of antiviral medications or anti inflammatory drugs. It is essential to explore the properties of and actions of the drug in the body of COVID-19 patients. The use of these drugs will be affected by their disease state, thus impacting the efficacy and/or safety of these medications. As a result drug therapies may have to be monitored for adverse reactions especially considering patients will likely be on multiple medications at once, posing a risk for drug-drug interactions. A pharmacological analysis is necessary to determine the best and safest option for managing COVID-19 with medication.

Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19: What's next? 

COVID-19 can alter the patient's body functions and impact how the body interacts with certain drugs. As a result, it is likely certain alternations or adjustments will have to be made to medications as to not harm the patient further.

Pharmacokinetics and COVID-19

- Drugs
- Antiviral Treatments
- Drug-Drug Interactions of Proposed Treatments
- Traditional Treatments
- COVID-19 Pharmacokinetics

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Smith College

Rutgers University

State University of New York at Buffalo

Currently, there is no FDA-approved, consistent treatment plan for COVID-19. Treatment depends on the severity of disease, the patient's ability to self-isolate, and the presence of other risk factors. Individuals with mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 are able to treat themselves at home without hospitalization or clinical care. If an individual is hospitalized, treatments will focus on managing the most common and severe COVID-19 complications. 

Therapeutic Treatment of COVID-19

1- 14 day home quarantine from the day of exposure

2- Droplet, eye, and contact precautions, where appropriate for providers

3- Return precautions

4- Supportive care: encourage eating and drinking, acetaminophen for comfort/fever

5- Many hospitals are avoiding or cautious ibuprofen due to theoretical risk, but there is no scientific evidence about a link between COVID-19 and NSAIDS (03.25.2020)

Treatment of Mild COVID-19

1. Airborne precautions for aerosolizing procedures
2. Supportive care: acetaminophen for comfort/fever
3. Respiratory support
4. ARDS treatment as needed
5. Treat comorbidities
   - Suspected sepsis: empiric antibiotics
   - Flu: oseltamivir
   - Asthma/COPD: bronchodilators MDI

Treatment of Moderate COVID-19

In addition to the milder situation treatments, it often requires hospitalization and advanced ventilatory support.

Treatment of Severe COVID-19

In addition to milder case treatments, it requires circulatory support with fluid and vasopressors if clinically appropriate.

Treatment of Critical COVID-19

Interventions for COVID-19 treatment

As of today there are no antiviral therapies available for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there have been identified some potential druggable targets.

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