Components of measuring neurofeedback include:

- Hertz (Hz)
- Microvolts (μV)

Components of Neurofeedback Frequency

This has a frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 hz and relates to slow activity. It connects to creativity, daydreaming, memory, emotion, sensation, reflection, meditation, and spiritual awareness. It’s the state that lies between being awake and asleep. Theta activity is abnormal in awake adults, but normal in children up to age 13. It reflects activity from the limbic system and hippocampus. If it works properly it can aid in learning.

EEG Theta

Beta activity has 14 or greater Hz and is seen as fast activity. It tends to be the dominant brain wave in those who are alert, anxious, or have their eyes open. It relates to problem solving, decision-making, and processing information. Because it’s wide, it’s divided into three sections, including low, midrange, and high. 

EEG Beta

Delta waves have 0.1 to 3 Hz; and have the lowest frequency, highest amplitude, and slowest speed out of all the brainwaves. They are involved in deep sleep, specifically stages 3 and 4, and are the dominant brainwaves in infants. They reduce awareness of the tangible world, and allow people to access subconscious information. Peak performers reduce delta waves while focusing.

EEG Delta

Alpha is between 8 to 12 Hz and peaks at 10 Hz. It is associated with calmness, positive emotion, extroversion, creative problem-solving, mental work, and accurate perceptions of the world. It allows us to apply classroom learning to the real-world, and lets us to transition between tasks. It is the major rhythm in most relaxed adults, and starts being more prominent at age 13. Alpha brainwaves come from white matter in the brain, which is viewed as joining all parts of the brain together.

EEG Alpha 

Gamma is between 30 to 44 Hz, and is the only brainwave found in all parts of the brain. It deals with information processing involving multiple areas of the brain, as well as memory. Reduced Gamma is associated with learning disabilities. 

EEG Gamma

This method involves placing 21 electrodes, with 19 recording the cortical regions, and 2 serving as references. The 10-20 method refers to placing electrodes in 10-20% increments across regions of the skull.

EEG Electrode System 10-20

Types of neurofeedback include:
-	Frequency/power neurofeedback
-	Slow cortical potential neurofeedback (SSCP-NF)
-	Low-energy neurofeedback system (LENS)
-	Hemoencephalographic (HEG)
-	Live Z-score neurofeedback
-	Low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORE-TA)
-	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Types of Neurofeedback

Pros of neurofeedback therapy include it's safe, non-invasive, and it can improve several conditions.

Pros of Neurofeedback 

Cons of neurofeedback therapy include that there is inconclusive scientific evidence on its effectiveness, it's expensive, it is not covered by many insurance companies, it takes longer to see improvement, and the benefits are short-term.

Cons of Neurofeedback

The following areas of brain lobes can be considered when implementing neurofeedback:

- Parietal lobes
- Frontal lobes
- Temporal lobes
- Occipital lobes
- Sensorimotor cortex
- Cingulate gyrus
- Broca's area
- Left hemisphere
- Right hemisphere

Brain Lobe Considerations When Using Neurofeedback

A self-regulation therapy that teaches patients how to control their brainwaves (as detected by EEG) by controlling their arousal levels. Some evidence suggests it may help with easing behavioral symptoms caused by head trauma, as well as ADHD and chronic stress.

Michigan State University

A documentation of spontaneous gross electrical activity of the brain recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp. The measured electrical activity is not prompted by particular stimuli, and may also be referred to as "brain waves."  

Electroencephalogram (EEG) 

- Electroencephalogram (EEG) Neurofeedback
- Prescribed Sleep
- Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine (OCMM)
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Types of Post-Concussion Therapy

Kim K, Priefer R. Evaluation of current post-concussion protocols. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Sep;129:110406. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110406. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PMID: 32768934.

Evaluation of current post-concussion protocols

Gross potential changes in the electrical activity of the brain due to a sensory stimulus such as a flashing light. The location of recording, the type of stimulus, and the state of the subject are reflected in the properties of ERPs, such as the wave shape and the latency (i.e., time delay). 
With ERPs, researchers ask participants to do the same task over and over again and they average all the EEGs recorded during those repeated trials. The variation due to random firing averages out. ERP has become the favorite tool of neuroscientists studying moment-to-moment consequences of attention in the brain.

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Ways to use Electroencephalogram in research

Data collection for studies investigating the effects of cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents involve observational studies, self-report questionnaires, and interviews with multiple informants (i.e. parents, teachers). These methods are subjective in nature and lack generalizability, therefore more objective measures are needed to properly evaluate the benefits of cognitive reappraisal in younger populations. One such measure is to record event-related potentials via electroencephalogram.

Measures of cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Neurofeedback

Prescribed sleep consists of symptom-limited cognitive and physical rest for an extended time period (at least a few days) post-injury. After this acute rest period, moderate activity, both cognitive and physical, is recommended to eventually reach pre-injury activity levels.

Prescribed Sleep

OCMM is a physical therapy based off of the idea that the anatomy of the cranium reflects the human body as a whole. It utilizes the primary respiratory mechanism as its main treatment component, which consists of the mobility of the cranial bones, sacrum, dura membranes, central nervous system, and cerebrospinal fluid. 

Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine (OCMM)

HBOT involves a chamber that is slowly pressurized to approximately double the amount of normal air pressure with pure oxygen. This method ideally supplements the hypoxic brain with oxygen.

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