The rRNA in the 50S ribosomal subunit has peptidyl transferase activity. This forms the peptide bonds between the amino groups on the tRNAs in the P and A sites of the ribosome. It is key in elongation as it forms the protein. 

Peptidyl Transferase

After the fMet-tRNA^fMet in initiation is in the P site of the ribosome, the A site is free to begin transcription elongation. Elongation progresses with ribosomal translation events that read one codon at a time. 
tRNAs enter the A site and shift to the P site, and exit through the E site for elongation.

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Translation is very similar for prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a few differences. Importantly, translation can occur simultaneously with transcription in prokaryotes, but this does not happen in eukaryotes because of the nucleus.

Translation in Prokaryotes

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The initiation complex begins translation of proteins. In *E.coli*, the 30S ribosome interacts with the mRNA template, along with initiation factors. 
Guanosine triphosphate is needed as energy for this process. Initiation of translation requires formylated methionines to begin.  

Key terms for translation initiation in prokaryotes: 
1. tRNA N-formyl-methionine (fMet-tRNA^fMet)
2. Shine-Delgarno sequence

Initiation of Translation in Prokaryotes

Elongation of Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation ends when the ribosome interacts with a nonsense codon which has no associated tRNA. After aligning with the A-site of the ribosome, nonsense codons are recognized by release factors and cause the P-site amino acid to be removed from the P-site to release the newly synthesized protein. The ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA as well. 

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