The initiation complex begins translation of proteins. In *E.coli*, the 30S ribosome interacts with the mRNA template, along with initiation factors. 
Guanosine triphosphate is needed as energy for this process. Initiation of translation requires formylated methionines to begin.  

Key terms for translation initiation in prokaryotes: 
1. tRNA N-formyl-methionine (fMet-tRNA^fMet)
2. Shine-Delgarno sequence

Initiation of Translation in Prokaryotes

After the fMet-tRNA^fMet in initiation is in the P site of the ribosome, the A site is free to begin transcription elongation. Elongation progresses with ribosomal translation events that read one codon at a time. 
tRNAs enter the A site and shift to the P site, and exit through the E site for elongation.

Elongation of Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation ends when the ribosome interacts with a nonsense codon which has no associated tRNA. After aligning with the A-site of the ribosome, nonsense codons are recognized by release factors and cause the P-site amino acid to be removed from the P-site to release the newly synthesized protein. The ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA as well. 

Termination of Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation is very similar for prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a few differences. Importantly, translation can occur simultaneously with transcription in prokaryotes, but this does not happen in eukaryotes because of the nucleus.

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While eukaryotes and prokaryotes have some differences between their processes of translation, they share many of the same enzymes and terms needed for translation. These are:

- Ribosomes
- tRNA
- rRNA

Key Components in Translation

Translation shares many of the same enzymes and components across the domains of life, but there are many important differences. Here we designate translation based on their domains of life. 
- Prokaryotic translation
- Eukaryotic translation

Classifications of Translation by the Domains of Life 

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Translation in Prokaryotes

Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins. They are responsible for translating mRNA into proteins. Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

Transfer RNAs or tRNAs translate the mRNA code to the corresponding amino acids by binding to the specific codons. There are many types depending on the species. They are also a product of RNA transcription.

tRNA

Ribosomal RNAs or rRNAs make up about 50% of the ribosome. They are structural or enzymatic and are important in forming the ribosome to be used for translation. They are also a product of transcription.

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