For instances of suicidal behavior or homicide plans, child abuse, elder abuse, and dependent adult abuse, therapists have the duty to warn and protect. 

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Confidentiality is essentially an agreement between a researcher and a participant that the participant's personal information will not be disclosed to others without their explicit consent or an appropriate legal authorization. It is a primary method researchers use to respect participants' privacy, ensuring that any sensitive data collected during a study remains protected and secure.

Confidentiality

Vinay, B., Lakshmi, J., & Math, S. B. (2016). Ethical and legal issues in psychotherapy. In Ethical Issues in Counselling and Psychotherapy Practice (pp. 199-217). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1808-4_13

Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy

Exceptions to confidentiality

A psychologist is treating a client for anxiety. During a social gathering, the psychologist's spouse asks, 'You mentioned you had a tough session today. Was it with that client who is afraid of public speaking?' What is the psychologist's most appropriate action to maintain the professional standard of protecting client information?

In psychological research, what does confidentiality primarily involve?

A researcher who promises confidentiality to study participants may still collect personally identifying information, provided that information is kept secure and is not disclosed to others without the participant's consent.

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