I was previously confused in other classes in which I learned that depressed and traumatized patients have smaller hippocampi. 
- With the context of recollection of memories occurring in the hippocampus, this makes more sense to me now. 

Depression, Trauma, and Hippocampus

- Semantic memory
- Episodic memory
- Flashbulb memory

Types of Explicit Memory

Some long-term memories, while stored, are not strong enough to be recalled without assistance. In these cases, prompts or cues can facilitate retrieval. For example, a person might struggle to remember the name of a restaurant they visited in the past, but a prompt, such as being told the restaurant was named after its owner, could trigger the recall of the name.

Prompts in Memory Recall

A student is asked to provide examples of different types of memory. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a memory that is consciously recalled and can be verbally reported?

Henry Molaison (H.M.) is one of psychology's most famous case studies. In 1953, surgeons removed large sections of his hippocampus to treat severe epilepsy. While the surgery successfully stopped his seizures without affecting his IQ or personality, it left him with anterograde amnesia. His short-term memory remained intact, but he permanently lost the ability to transfer new information into long-term memory—a process known as consolidation. This case was crucial for memory research because it demonstrated a clear dissociation between short-term and long-term memory and highlighted the temporal lobes' essential role in memory consolidation.

Case of Henry Molaison (H.M.)

Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, refers to information that we consciously try to remember, recall, and report. This type of memory can be articulated in words. For instance, the material learned while studying for an exam is part of explicit memory. Using a computer analogy, explicit memories are like files saved on a hard drive; they are not always on the 'desktop' of short-term memory but can be retrieved when needed. However, not all explicit memories are equally strong, and some may require prompts to be recalled.

Washtenaw Community College

Columbia University

Google

Long-term memory is broadly categorized into two main types: explicit and implicit. This distinction is crucial because various factors, such as the aging process, specific kinds of brain trauma, and certain disorders, can selectively affect one type of memory while leaving the other intact.

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit and Implicit

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Implicit memories are a type of long-term memory that exists outside of conscious awareness. Although they are learned unconsciously and cannot be deliberately recalled, their existence is demonstrated through an individual's performance on certain tasks. These memories can influence both observable behaviors and cognitive processes without conscious recognition. A key characteristic is that individuals usually cannot articulate or put these memories into words that adequately describe the learned task or knowledge.

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