In modern deep learning models, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), feature representations are learned automatically rather than being manually engineered. These features are composed hierarchically across multiple jointly learned layers. The lowest layers of the network typically learn to extract basic visual elements, such as edges, colors, and simple textures. Intermediate layers build upon these foundational features to detect more complex structures like object parts, while the highest layers assemble them to recognize entire objects. The final hidden state provides a compact representation that summarizes the image contents, allowing data belonging to different categories to be easily separated by a classifier.