This type of vaccine involves pathogens that are inactivated or killed with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This type of vaccine does not produce active infection as a result the immune response is less comprehensive. Some examples include cholera, hepatitis A, influenza, rabies, and the plague.

Microbiology led to vaccine development that provide cures to a variety of viral pathogens. The use of vaccine development has improved so well in which several of vaccines have gotten approved such as the COVID-19 vaccine and having the ability to target different pathogens all at once. 

Vaccine Development

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

This is a type of subunit vaccine that has a conjugated protein to capsule polysaccharide which enhances the efficiency of subunit vaccines against pathogens that have protective polysaccharide capsules which allows the pathogen to escape the mechanism of phagocytosis. Some examples include Meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides

Conjugate Vaccines

This type of vaccine contains inactivated bacterial toxins called toxoids this vaccine is used to prevent diseases in which bacterial toxins play an important role in pathogenesis in other to neutralize the toxins. Some examples of this type of vaccine include Botulism, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus. 

Toxoid Vaccines

This type of vaccine only exposes the patient to the key antigens of the pathogen which does not include viruses or whole cells. This type of vaccine has low side effects as it is mainly made by degrading the pathogen and isolating key antigens. Some examples include anthrax, hepatitis B, influenza, meningitis  papillomavirus, pneumonia, pneumococcal, and whooping cough.

Subunit Vaccines

This vaccine exposes the individual to the weakened strain of the pathogen to establish an infection that activates the adaptive immune defenses. This type of vaccine stimulates a comprehensive immune response.Some common examples of this vaccine include Chickenpox, measles, and tuberculosis.

Live attenuated vaccines

Inactivated vaccines

Treatment with a vaccine against a pathogen which activates immunity. This term was coined by the Scientist Edward Jenner and his inoculation of smallpox.

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