Defined as what an individual needs to know to fill in a knowledge/information gap. For example, when a patient seeks a doctor's appointment, they are looking to fill an information gap concerning their physical condition. 

Information Need

Facts are pieces of information that are known to be true.

Facts

The use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of abstract data to amplify cognition.

Information Visualization

"Information" as knowledge is the fact, subject, or event that an individual consumes and/or communicates

San Jose State University

Understanding or awareness of something or the sum total of one's understanding/awareness of all things.

Knowledge

There are three distinguished uses of the term:

1. Information-as-thing

2. Information-as-process

3. Information-as-knowledge

The Three Forms of Information

Buckland, Michael K. "Information as Thing." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42.5 (1991): 351-60. https://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/thing.html

Information as a Thing

Understanding objects and events in the world and the ability make inferences about them. 

Conceptual Knowledge 

Stores our knowledge of words. Contains what a word means, how it sounds and how they are used in relation to other words.

Lexicon

People who devote a lot of time to learning about something (10,000 - 20,000 hours) and become extremely knowledgeable and skilled.

Experts

Some psychologists make the distinction between two major types of knowledge:
- Explicit knowledge (i.e., factual, taught in school)
- Tacit knowledge (i.e., procedural, wisdom)

Two Major Types of Knowledge (Tacit and Explicit)

Encoding knowledge as a function of the representational infrastructure to expresses that knowledge.

Structuration

- No universal definition 
- A study by Facione and Facione (1996) described critical thinking as reasoning used to make professionally informed decisions in time-constrained, high-stakes, novel-problem situations.
- Process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgement. This process gives reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualization. Methods, and criteria (APA 1990)  


Critical Thinking 

Knowledge References

Gaining understanding of a written text by coming to a conclusion of its meaning. Comprehension occurs based off of the reader's prior knowledge of language and ability to make inferences.

Reading Comprehension

Visually representing knowledge to facilitate its communication.
It can be done using a computer or not.

Knowledge Visualization

A structured way of representing knowledge.
It consists of entities, relationships, and semantic descriptions. In other words, knowledge graphs represent logical relationship between entities.

Knowledge Graph

Ability to provide support, refute, and claim for justification, which could directly influence people understanding of the complexity of scientific knowledge

Argumentation

Knowledge acquired ahead of time/ beforehand.

Prior Knowledge

Knowledge dissemination is the process of sharing knowledge with a wider audience to increase awareness and understanding of a particular topic or concept. This can be achieved through various methods, including publishing research papers, conducting seminars or workshops, delivering presentations, using social media, or utilizing other communication channels such as print media, television, and the internet.

Knowledge Dissemination

The method of authority is a common approach to acquiring knowledge in which individuals accept new ideas or information as true simply because an authority figure states them. Common sources of this type of knowledge include parents, the media, doctors, religious authorities, the government, and professors. While convenient, this method raises important questions about whether information from these sources should be trusted unconditionally.

Method of Authority

A method of knowing is a conceptual process or approach that individuals use to acquire knowledge, form beliefs, and understand the world. These approaches can be broken down into five main categories, ranging from relying on subjective sources like intuition to depending on empirical evidence. Each category possesses its own unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to determining whether we should trust the knowledge derived from it.

Method of Knowing

Refers to data, documents, and content that is tangible and educational. 

Information as a thing

When someone is informed, what they know is changed. 

In this way, "information" is the act of informing, communicating knowledge, to someone, or the act of receiving knowledge. 

Learn Before

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Learn After

Learn After

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