Intuition is a method of knowing where individuals rely on their instincts, emotions, and gut feelings to guide their understanding rather than examining objective facts or applying rational logic. It involves accepting a belief as true simply because it inherently feels right or because someone's behavior intuitively seems unusual, prompting the need to critically evaluate whether such subjective knowledge should be fully trusted.

Intuition

The method of authority is a common approach to acquiring knowledge in which individuals accept new ideas or information as true simply because an authority figure states them. Common sources of this type of knowledge include parents, the media, doctors, religious authorities, the government, and professors. While convenient, this method raises important questions about whether information from these sources should be trusted unconditionally.

Method of Authority

Empiricism is a method of acquiring knowledge that relies on direct observation and personal experience. It forms a foundational way of understanding the world based on what can be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed in the environment.

Empiricism

Rationalism is a method of acquiring knowledge that relies on stating premises and following logical rules to arrive at sound conclusions. If the initial premises are correct and logic is applied appropriately, this method provides a valid means of understanding and acquiring new information.

Rationalism

The scientific method is a rigorous process for systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions. While other methods of knowing may generate initial concepts, the scientific method requires controlled observations and logical reasoning to validate those ideas. Although it is highly effective at producing valid knowledge, it is resource-intensive and strictly limited to addressing empirical questions.

Scientific Method

How is a 'method of knowing' best defined?

A method of knowing is a conceptual process or approach that individuals use to acquire knowledge, form beliefs, and understand the world. These approaches can be broken down into five main categories, ranging from relying on subjective sources like intuition to depending on empirical evidence. Each category possesses its own unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to determining whether we should trust the knowledge derived from it.

Google

Understanding or awareness of something or the sum total of one's understanding/awareness of all things.

Knowledge

https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/

KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

Understanding objects and events in the world and the ability make inferences about them. 

Conceptual Knowledge 

Stores our knowledge of words. Contains what a word means, how it sounds and how they are used in relation to other words.

Lexicon

People who devote a lot of time to learning about something (10,000 - 20,000 hours) and become extremely knowledgeable and skilled.

Experts

Some psychologists make the distinction between two major types of knowledge:
- Explicit knowledge (i.e., factual, taught in school)
- Tacit knowledge (i.e., procedural, wisdom)

Two Major Types of Knowledge (Tacit and Explicit)

Encoding knowledge as a function of the representational infrastructure to expresses that knowledge.

Structuration

"Information" as knowledge is the fact, subject, or event that an individual consumes and/or communicates

Information as knowledge 

- No universal definition 
- A study by Facione and Facione (1996) described critical thinking as reasoning used to make professionally informed decisions in time-constrained, high-stakes, novel-problem situations.
- Process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgement. This process gives reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualization. Methods, and criteria (APA 1990)  


Critical Thinking 

Knowledge References

Gaining understanding of a written text by coming to a conclusion of its meaning. Comprehension occurs based off of the reader's prior knowledge of language and ability to make inferences.

Reading Comprehension

Visually representing knowledge to facilitate its communication.
It can be done using a computer or not.

Knowledge Visualization

A structured way of representing knowledge.
It consists of entities, relationships, and semantic descriptions. In other words, knowledge graphs represent logical relationship between entities.

Knowledge Graph

Ability to provide support, refute, and claim for justification, which could directly influence people understanding of the complexity of scientific knowledge

Argumentation

Knowledge acquired ahead of time/ beforehand.

Prior Knowledge

Knowledge dissemination is the process of sharing knowledge or information to a wider audience, often with the goal of increasing awareness and understanding of a particular topic or concept. This can be done through a variety of methods, including publishing research papers, conducting seminars or workshops, giving talks or presentations, using social media, or through various forms of media like newspapers, magazines, television, and the internet.

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