This leads to the subsequent formation of the MAVS signalosome comprising of TRAF3, TRAF6, TANK, and TRADD. Once the signalosome is formed, it is followed by the addition of a phosphate molecule to IRF3 (phosphorylation) and IRF3 is then transported into the nucleus by IKK and/or TBK1 and Necrosis factor kappa B is also activated to increase the release of cytokines that promote inflammation and type 1 Interferons. 

MAVS Signalosome Formation and Subsequent Steps

In the case of the interferon-dependent response that occurs when MAVS has localized in the mitochondria, it first required the detection of viral RNA which leads to subsequent activation of the Rig-I-like receptor, RLR, pathway. The detection of the viral RNA is carried out by the cytosolic sensors MDA5 gene and RIG-I. 

Ohio State University, Columbus

In order to understand the significance of the compromising of MAVS by ORF9b, it is important to understand the role that MAVS, Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling protein, plays in immunity against viruses. The MAVS protein can be localized in two regions: peroxisomes (oxidative membrane-bound organelles) or the mitochondria. The localization of MAVS affects whether the response produced is interferon-independent (fast and occurs early) or interferon-dependent (stable and late response). 

The Role of Localization of MAVS in Antiviral Immunity

Jacobs, J. L., & Coyne, C. B. (2013). Mechanisms of MAVS regulation at the mitochondrial membrane. Journal of molecular biology, 425(24), 5009-5019.

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