History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth

Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick

India's Progress in Living Standards and Persistent Poverty (14th Century to Present)

Living Standards Visualization: Pre-1800 Limitations

Intra-Country vs. Inter-Country Inequality in the 14th-17th Centuries

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Latin American Growth

Figure 1.1: The History's Hockey Stick Graph of GDP Per Capita

China's Economic Decline

Modern Global Wealth Hierarchy (2018): Comparisons of Japan, India, Britain, US, and Norway

Britain's Early and Gradual 'Hockey Stick' Kink

Japan's Sharp 'Hockey Stick' Kink around 1870

Pre-1800 GDP Data Scarcity and Its Impact on Historical Graphs

Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph

Understanding and Interpreting Ratio Scale Graphs

An economist plots the GDP per capita of two countries, Country X and Country Y, from 2000 to 2020 on a graph with a ratio scale on the vertical axis. In 2000, Country X had a much higher GDP per capita than Country Y. However, over the 20-year period, Country Y experienced a significantly faster average annual growth rate than Country X. Based on this information, which statement best describes how the two lines would appear on the graph?

Choosing the Right Economic Visualization

Consider two countries, Country A and Country B. In a given year, Country A's income per person is $40,000 and it increases by $2,000 the following year. In the same period, Country B's income per person is $10,000 and it increases by $1,000. Which of the following statements provides the most accurate economic comparison?

An economic historian is studying two countries, Alpha and Beta, over a 50-year period. She plots their income per person on a graph where the vertical axis uses a ratio scale. The line for Country Alpha starts at a much higher point on the axis than the line for Country Beta. Over the 50 years, the line for Alpha is nearly flat, while the line for Beta is a steep, upward-sloping straight line. What is the most accurate conclusion the historian can draw from this graph?

Evaluating an Economic Analysis

When examining a graph that plots a country's income per person over several decades using a ratio scale on the vertical axis, a straight, upward-sloping line signifies that the absolute (e.g., dollar amount) increase in income per person was constant year after year.

Evaluating an Investment Recommendation

Interpreting Economic Performance

An economic analyst is comparing two countries, Country A and Country B. In 1990, Country A's income per person was ten times that of Country B. Over the subsequent 30 years, Country A's income per person grew at an average rate of 1% per year, while Country B's grew at an average rate of 7% per year. Which of the following statements provides the most accurate analysis of their relative economic situations after this 30-year period?

An economic historian is comparing the long-term development of two nations, Country A and Country B, by plotting their income per person on a graph with a ratio scale on the vertical axis. Historical data reveals the following:

• Country A had a relatively high income per person 300 years ago and has experienced a slow but consistent proportional increase in income ever since.
• Country B had a very low income per person 300 years ago, which remained stagnant for the first 250 years, but has grown at an extremely rapid proportional rate over the last 50 years.

Which of the following statements best describes how the plots for these two countries would appear on the graph?

Delayed Economic Growth in China and India Until Post-Colonial Independence

Catch-Up Growth of 'Latecomer' Economies: India and China

Figure 3.7: Evolution of GDP per Capita Relative to the US (US = 100) at Purchasing Power Parity (2009–2023)