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Koshal and Koshal Study on Economies of Scope in US Universities (1990-91)
In a 1990-91 study of 171 public universities in the US, economists Rajindar and Manjulika Koshal provided a real-world example of economies of scope. By estimating the marginal and average costs of educating students, they found that universities achieved significant cost savings by jointly producing multiple 'products'—namely, undergraduate education, graduate education, and research—within a single institution rather than in separate ones.
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Koshal and Koshal Study on Economies of Scope in US Universities (1990-91)