Bed-wetting. Associated with SWS (stage 3). Sometimes, a nasal spray of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) prior to bed is prescribed to reduce urine production. 

Sleep Enuresis

A state during the transition to or from sleep, where the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost. A common symptom of narcolepsy. May be accompanied with hallucinations. Only lasts a few minutes, and may be resultant from the pontine center continuing to impose paralysis after the person wakes from an REM episode. 

Sleep Paralysis

Usually refers to someone’s false perception that they have not been asleep, when in truth, they have. More common at the start of a sleep episode. This misperception could be due to an over-expression of alpha and beta waves during sleep, which resemble wakeful patterns. 

Sleep-State Misperception

Also called crib death, it is the sudden and unexpected death of an otherwise healthy baby whose breathing has ceased, typically during sleep. Could be from sleep apnea due to immature respiration pace systems. Autopsies of victims show brainstem serotonin system abnormalities, which could result in irregularities in respiratory regulation. To protect against SIDS, parents are urged to put their babies to rest on their backs to keep the airway open and unobstructed. 

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a condition where an infant dies unexpectedly during sleep after ceasing to breathe. The highest risk is observed in infants under one year old, with a higher incidence in boys. Several risk factors are associated with SIDS, such as premature birth, exposure to smoke in the household, and hyperthermia (overheating). Additionally, studies suggest that infants who succumb to SIDS may have underlying differences in brain structure and function.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

This list includes disorders or conditions that are related to states or features of sleeping, waking, or the processes that occur in between, but are not currently directly or officially included in the DSM. These disorders include:
-	Sleep Enuresis (Bedwetting)
-	Sleep Paralysis
-	Sleep-State Misperception
-	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)


Sleep-Wake Disorders are defined using a multidimensional approach due to the expectations for co-existing or comorbid diagnosis in both mental and neurological health. They are largely characterized by individual’s interpretation of having dissatisfying sleep quality, timing, or amount of sleep. These complaints are often expressed alongside issues of distress or impairment during expected daytime activities. 

Sleep-Wake Disorders

The DSM-5-TR separates Sleep-Wake Disorders into the following specific disorders and groups:
-	Insomnia Disorder
-	Hypersomnolence Disorder
-	Narcolepsy
-	Breathing Related Sleep-Disorders*
-	Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders*
-	Parasomnias*
-	Restless Leg Syndrome
-	Substance / Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder
-	Other Specified Insomnia Disorder
-	Unspecified Insomnia Disorder
-	Other Specified Hypersomnolence Disorder
-	Unspecified Hypersomnolence Disorder
-	Other Specified Sleep-Wake Disorder
-	Unspecified Sleep-Wake Disorder

Note: * Groups that separate into further specific disorders

[DSM-5-TR] List of Sleep-Wake Disorders

The DSM-5-TR takes a section to briefly define important terminology related to sleep-wake disorders. These terms are broadly separated into two categories based on the type or stage of sleep, and the use of polysomnography and measurement of sleep. 
-	Sleep Stages Terms
-	Polysomnography and Measurement Terms


[DSM-5-TR] Key Concepts and Terms for Sleep-Wake Disorders

The DSM-5-TR makes a note to mention the common occurrence of co-occurring disorders that are diagnosed alongside a sleep-wake disorder. These co-occurring conditions frequently involve depression, anxiety, and cognitive changes. It is also recognized that sleep disturbances are recognized risk factors for developing other mental disorders (e.g., substance use disorder). Thus, when evaluating sleep disturbances as a differential diagnosis, the rule is to consider co-existence rather than differential diagnosis. Because of the importance of sleep on other mental or physical conditions, as well as the inverse effect of mental and physical conditions on sleep, it is important to plan treatment using a multidimensional approach that encompasses all the conditions of the patient. 

[DSM-5-TR] Note of Co-Occurring Disorders and Differential Diagnosis to Sleep-Wake Disorders

The DSM-5-TR makes an important note to specify the connection that sleep-wakes disorders, such as insomnia, have to suicidal thoughts, behavior, and death. Multiple studies, even when adjusting for depression, have correlated sleep-wake disorders and nightmares, increasing the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Some data collected on college students showed that 31.3% of those with sleep problems had suicidal thoughts, and inversely, 82.7% of those with suicidal thoughts, had sleep problems. Additionally, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine has also concluded that for teenagers, less than 8 hours of sleep is associated with increased risk for self-harm and suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors. 

[DSM-5-TR] Note of Sleep-Wake Disorders Association With Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors

List of Other Recognized Sleep-Wake Disorders

This list includes different types of methods for treating and/or managing different sleep-wake disorders. These include:
-	Narcolepsy Treatment 
-	Mindfulness and Effects on Insomnia
-	Insomnia Treatment Differences Between CBT-I & MBTI

Treatment & Management Methods for Sleep-Wake Disorders

This list includes different theories or concepts that are used to explain, define, or otherwise provide further insight into the workings of sleep-wake disorders. These include:
- Current Scales to Measure Sleep-Wake Disorder Symptoms


Theories & Concepts Relevant to Sleep-Wake Disorders

This includes the intersection of connections and/or research related to sleep-wake disorders as a general category in other fields of study and research. Such fields include:
-	TBD

Note: Add subjects as needed

Interdisciplinary Connections & Research Related to Sleep-Wake Disorders

The collection of references pertaining to sleep-wake disorders.

References for Sleep-Wake Disorders

Key learning objectives for understanding common sleep disorders include the ability to describe the symptoms and treatments for insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. Additionally, one should be able to recognize the symptoms of various parasomnias and identify the risk factors and preventive measures associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Learning Objectives for Common Sleep Disorders

Studies indicate that a significant portion of the population, ranging from 30% to 50%, will experience a sleep disorder at some point during their lifetime. The exact percentage can vary depending on the specific population and disorder being examined (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002).

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