Long-term potentiation has been most commonly studied in the hippocampus, more specifically in the Schaffer collateral axons of the ca3 neurons and the ca1 pyramidal cells.

Long-term Potentiation in Hippocampus

Phases of LTP include:

- Early phase
- Late phase

Phases of Long-term Potentiation

When two neurons repeatedly become stimulated, the signal transmission between them gets enhanced. This enhancement is known as long-term potentiation (LTP). 

New Mexico Highlands University

It is important to understand how electrical signals move through a neuron and onto the next neuron in order to facilitate communication.

Neuronal Communication 

Neurons are specialized cells located in the nervous system that send information between different parts of the body and the brain.

Neurons

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

An action potential is the electrical signal that travels down an axon when a neuron receives a sufficiently strong stimulus. This impulse operates on an all-or-none principle, meaning it either fires completely or not at all. The propagation of the signal involves the movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the neuronal membrane.

Action Potential

Between signals, a neuron's membrane potential is maintained in a state of readiness known as the resting potential. In this condition, ions—such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)—accumulate closely on either side of the cell membrane. This separation of charges acts much like a stretched rubber band storing potential energy, leaving the ions prepared to rush across the membrane as soon as the neuron activates and its gates open.

Resting Potential

The membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between the intracellular and extracellular fluids across the neuronal membrane. This electrical difference serves as the energy source for the neural signal.

Membrane Potential

The threshold of excitation represents the critical level of membrane potential that a neuron must reach to initiate an action potential. This specific charge level (approximately -55mV) is attained when an influx of positive ions enters the cell, making the internal environment sufficiently positive. Once this exact threshold is surpassed, the neuron becomes active and inevitably triggers an action potential.

Threshold of Excitation

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

The process of neuronal communication is described as an electrochemical event because it involves two distinct stages. The electrical stage is the movement of the action potential down the axon, while the chemical stage is the transmission of the signal across the synaptic space via neurotransmitters.

Neuronal Communication as an Electrochemical Event

Based on the patient's medication described in the case study, explain how the normal process of communication between two neurons is interrupted, leading to reduced neural activity.

Pharmacological Intervention in Neural Pathways

Neurons consist of several different parts, each serving a specialized function. A neuron’s outer surface is made up of a semipermeable membrane. Other parts of the neuron include the dendrite, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons. A myelin sheath covers part of the neuron.

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