Recombinant DNA can be injected into the eukaryotic cells directly by using a microinjection needle.

University of Wisconsin - Madison

- Electroporation
- Microinjection
- Gene Guns
- Shuttle Vectors
- Viral Vectors

Techniques for Transfection in Eukaryotic Cells

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Eukaryotic cells can be transfected by electric pulses that disrupt the cell membrane to create pores where genes can be introduced. A positive charge is also applied inside the cell to pull in DNA.

Eukaryotic Electroporation

Microinjection

Microcarrier particles (ex. gold, tungsten) are coated with recombinant DNA. A pressurized helium pulse or electric discharge is used to deliver the DNA-coated particles at a high velocity through the cell membrane of target cells. The gene gun can also be used to penetrate plant cell walls.

Gene gun

Shuttle vectors are plasmids that can be transfected between bacteria and eukaryotic cells. 

Shuttle Vectors 

Viral vectors use inactive versions of viruses to deliver genetic material into cells, taking advantage of viruses' ability to easily enter cells. They are the most common vector type in gene therapy because they produce long-term, high level of gene expression. Examples include: adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs), adenoviral vectors (AdVs), and lentiviral vectors (LVVs).

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