Eukaryotic cells can be transfected by electric pulses that disrupt the cell membrane to create pores where genes can be introduced. A positive charge is also applied inside the cell to pull in DNA.

Eukaryotic Electroporation

Recombinant DNA can be injected into the eukaryotic cells directly by using a microinjection needle.

Microinjection

Microcarrier particles (ex. gold, tungsten) are coated with recombinant DNA. A pressurized helium pulse or electric discharge is used to deliver the DNA-coated particles at a high velocity through the cell membrane of target cells. The gene gun can also be used to penetrate plant cell walls.

Gene gun

Shuttle vectors are plasmids that can be transfected between bacteria and eukaryotic cells. 

Shuttle Vectors 

Viral vectors use inactive versions of viruses to deliver genetic material into cells, taking advantage of viruses' ability to easily enter cells. They are the most common vector type in gene therapy because they produce long-term, high level of gene expression. Examples include: adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs), adenoviral vectors (AdVs), and lentiviral vectors (LVVs).

Viral vectors

- Electroporation
- Microinjection
- Gene Guns
- Shuttle Vectors
- Viral Vectors

University of Wisconsin - Madison

Introducing recombinant DNA into eukaryotes is called transfection. 

Eukaryotic Transfection

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After