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The Central Dogma of Life

- Khan Academy References Related to Molecular Biology 

Molecular Biology references by Journal/ Source

Molecular and cellular biology studies the molecular structures and cellular processes that underlie the function, reproduction, and development of living organisms.

University of California, Berkeley

Georgetown University

Google

Biomedical Sciences focus on the biology of human health and disease and include disciplines:

- Biochemistry
- Health technology
- Human nutrition
- Human physiology
- Infectious diseases
- Microbiology
- Pharmacology
- Developmental biology
- Immunology
- Haematology



Branches of Biomedical Sciences

- Anatomy
- Biology
- Biochemistry
- Biotechnology
- Botany
- Cellular biology
- Ecology
- Evolutionary biology
- Genetics
- Health Sciences
- Marine biology
- Microbiology
- Molecular biology
- Neuroscience
- Paleontology
- Phycology
- Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Virology
- Zoology

Branches of Life Science

Molecule 

The cell is the fundamental unit of life. While cells vary significantly in size, shape, structure, and function—categorized primarily into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells—they all share a few fundamental components at their simplest level of construction. The internal structures of a cell are analogous to the organs inside a human body, with unique components suited to specific functions.

Cell

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. The diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from person to person. 

Infectious Disease

NIH-National Cancer Institute

- "Medical laboratory science professionals... assist physicians in patient diagnosis and treatment, as well as in disease monitoring or prevention (maintenance of health). We use sophisticated biomedical instrumentation and technology, computers, and methods requiring manual dexterity to perform laboratory testing on blood and body fluids. Laboratory testing encompasses such disciplines as clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, and molecular biology. Medical laboratory science professionals generate accurate laboratory data that are needed to aid in detecting cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, infectious mononucleosis, and identification of bacteria or viruses that cause infections, as well as in detecting drugs of abuse. In addition, we monitor testing quality and consult with other members of the healthcare team."
- Other MLS specialties include blood banking/transfusion medicine, flow cytometry, urinalysis, and molecular diagnostics

Medical Laboratory Science

The study of small organisms ranging from one cell to few cells to no cells at all. It encompasses fields such as virology, bacteriology, protistology, & mycology.

Microbiology

The science concerned with the study of drugs and medication. It is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. 

Pharmacology

Deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health. Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security or a poor understanding of nutrition and dietary practices.

Human Nutrition

The application of the knowledge of human functions and mechanisms to patients especially in a health care setting.

Human physiology

Developing and using devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems  to solve health problems and improve the quality of lives. This includes pharmaceuticals, devices, procedures, and organizational systems used in the healthcare, as well as computer-supported information systems (health informatics)

Health technology

Biochemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the chemistry of life processes, with the primary objective of explaining biological form and function through chemical principles.

Biochemistry

Molecular and Cellular Biology

The study of embryonic developmental and other development processes, including cell regeneration, metamorphosis, aging, and disease development.   

Developmental Biology

Study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functions of the immune system, including health and disease, malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders, and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the immune system. 

Immunology 

Study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases relating to blood.  This involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components.

Hematology (Haematology)

Evolutionary Biology studies the processes that produced the diversity of life on earth or study of the phylogenetic history of organisms on earth.

Evolutionary Biology

The scientific field of study of nervous system function and development. The human nervous system is comprised of the central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral  (nerves and ganglia branching from brain and spinal cord) nervous systems. These are referred to as the CNS and PNS, respectively.

Neuroscience (Neurobiology)

Ecology is a scientific discipline that focuses on interactions of living things in relation to their environment, and encourages understanding of the environment as our home.

Ecology

The study of the structure of living organisms.

Anatomy

The study of the use of living organisms to make products.

Biotechnology

Also called plant biology or plant science, this is the study of plants.

Botany (Phytology)

The study of the biology of organisms in oceans.

Marine biology

Phycology (Algology)

The study of functions in living organisms (how the organism works). 

Physiology

Zoology

Includes the interdisciplinary sciences that focuses on the study of health and health care in both practical applications and research. 

Health Sciences

Biology

The scientific field of study of traits and their passage from parents to offspring. Humans inherit 23 chromosomes from the father, and 23 from the mother. These 23 pairs of chromosomes consist of 22 autosomal chromosome pairs and one sex chromosome pair. The physical unit of inheritance is a gene, comprised of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) segments.

Genetics and Inheritance in Humans

There are many types of macromolecules such as: 

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

Types of Macromolecules

Tissue

The (metabolic) center of a neuron. It is in charge of keeping the cell alive

Cell body

Cell-cell interactions describe the process in which one cell influences the differentiation of neighboring cells during the development of the nervous system. This process is a key reason why vertebrate brains are less hardwired and more susceptible to environmental cues and experience. In contrast, invertebrate development, such as in C. elegans, is more hardwired and relies less on cell-cell interactions, making their mitotic lineages strictly predictable and easier to trace.

Cell-Cell Interactions

Although cells share certain fundamental characteristics, they exhibit remarkable variety in their structure, function, and metabolic activity. The two primary categories of cells are prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which possess a well-organized, membrane-bound nucleus.

Types of Cells

Developed in the 17th century following early observations of microscopic life, the cell theory is a foundational scientific principle. It posits three main claims: the cell is the fundamental unit of life, all living organisms contain at least one cell, and new cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell Theory

Animal cell organelles are specialized sub-cellular structures that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival, growth, and homeostasis. These include membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, as well as non-membrane-bound structures like ribosomes.

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