Conceptual modeling constructed based on models of reality (ontology) and the corresponding domains and rules of entity-relationships. 

Ontology in Conceptual Modeling Constructs

Ontological models are used in designing information processing software/databases in computer science. It is useful when determining how to implement conceptual models effectively. 

San Jose State University

Various fields use ontology to inform certain models or frameworks. These disciplines include:
- Computer science
- Linguistics
- Psychology 



Interdisciplinary Uses of the Ontological Model

Models that organize concepts through entities and relationships but do not compute anything.

Conceptual model

Wand, Y., Storey, V. C., & Weber, R. (1999). An ontological analysis of the relationship construct in conceptual modeling. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), 24(4), 494-528.

An ontological analysis of the relationship construct in conceptual modeling

Shanks, G., Tansley, E., & Weber, R. (2003). Using ontology to validate conceptual models. Communications of the ACM, 46(10), 85-89.

Using ontology to validate conceptual models

Ontology in Computer Science

The following theories/models are used to validate conceptual models:
- Ontological model

Methods used to Validate Conceptual Models

Similar in structure to causal diagrams (i.e. nodes with connections), except the connections are not causal. Nodes contain concepts are organized
in a hierarchy (such as in 1Cademy's knowledge graph).

Concept Mapping

Conceptual models need to be evaluated by focal stakeholders to confirm that it accurately represents the domain that is being conceptualized.

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