- The concept map in itself uses decoding, interpretation, and categorizing, which are all characteristics of critical thinking (Facione, as cited in Rowles & Brigham, 2005).
- A concept map should have cross-links (lines) that depict a connection or relationship of knowledge (Novak, 1998).
- Concept maps should be presented in a hierarchal manner, with general concepts at the top and more specific concepts below (Novak, 1998).



Concept Mapping (in Literature) 

Concept Mapping Example

Concept mapping on 1Cademy is the process of expanding the knowledge graph by first identifying an essential prerequisite node that learners must study, and then proposing a new node as its direct child.

Concept Mapping on 1Cademy

This node categorizes academic literature, keynote presentations, and other main publications related to the theoretical foundations of concept mapping, its applications in education, and software environments like CmapTools.

Concept Mapping References

Similar in structure to causal diagrams (i.e. nodes with connections), except the connections are not causal. Nodes contain concepts are organized
in a hierarchy (such as in 1Cademy's knowledge graph).

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The designing of interactive products, environments, systems, and services. Common topics include design, human–computer interaction, and software development. A central concern of interaction design is to develop interactive products that are usable, easy to learn, effective to use, and provide an enjoyable user experience to support and enhance the way people communicate and interact in their everyday lives.  Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design.

Interaction design

Models that organize concepts through entities and relationships but do not compute anything.

Conceptual model

"Concept maps are graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge." "We could think of a concept map as a set of categories, and that the relationship between these categories is expressed through connections with linking phrases."

Concept Maps

- Storytelling
- Prototype
- Concept Mapping
- Visual Direction


Elements of Design

Hariharan Subramonyam, Colleen Seifert, Priti Shah, and Eytan Adar. 2020. TexSketch: Active Diagramming through Pen-and-Ink Annotations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376155

TexSketch: Active Diagramming through Pen-and-Ink Annotations

Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, iconography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers use typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques to create visual compositions. Common applications of graphic design include corporate design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging, and signage.

Graphic Design

Design Disciplines

Design thinking is a process that works to solve problems in a user-centric way. It has a strong focus on users and humans, to ensure that solutions meet their needs.



Steps to design thinking:

1. Empathize: Understand your users

2. Define: Clearly define the problem and their needs

3. Ideate: Brainstorm potential solutions, create ideas

4. Prototype: Build your solutions

5. Test: Test out your solutions

Design Thinking

I feel that this statement, "Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design." should be linked as a child node rather than grouped together into this. There is a lot of content in this node and could be made more clear by breaking it down further into more granular content

re-structure nodes

In software development and computer science, ubiquitous computing refer to the idea of computing could be and is made to appear anytime and everywhere. Reflecting to Interaction design and User Experience Design, the term is refer to the idea that user interaction could be in many forms, from laptop computers, phones to everyday objects such as lamps and glasses.

Ubiquitous Computing

- Motor Behavior 
- Feature Detection (Ware)
- Common Ground
- Extrema 
- IDEO Methods Cards
- Observation 

Design Techniques 

Gestalt principles are laws of human perception that describe how we group similar elements, recognize patterns, and simplify complex images when we perceive objects. These principles include Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure/Ground, and Common Fate. Understanding these concepts can be enhanced by observing them in real-world examples.

Gestalt Principles

Various types of design and design approaches include:
- Activity-Centered Design
- Designing for Autistic People
- Emotional Design
- Ethical Design
- Genius Design
- Inclusive Design
- Industrial Design
- Product Design
- Systems Design

Types of Design

According to Bill Moggridge in *Designing Interactions*, the core skills of interaction design include:

1. Synthesizing a solution from all relevant constraints, understanding everything that will make a difference to the result.
2. Framing, or reframing, the problem and objective.
3. Creating and envisioning alternatives.
4. Selecting from those alternatives, knowing intuitively how to choose the best approach.
5. Visualizing and prototyping the intended solution.

Core Skills of Interaction Design

When designing for interaction, designers ask key questions to ensure a successful user experience. These core considerations include defining how the user physically interacts with the interface, providing visual clues about behaviors before actions are taken, anticipating and mitigating errors, optimizing system feedback and response time, adhering to strategic standards, and simplifying for learnability.

Interaction Design Considerations

A product-design problem-solving framework built on the journalistic 5W's and 1H: 1. Why – understand the goal. 2. Who – define the audience. 3. When/Where – understand the customer's context and needs. 4. What – list, prioritize, and choose an idea. 5. How – solve the problem and measure success.

5W+1H

Don Norman is an interaction-design figure and co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group. In The Design of Everyday Things (1988), he emphasizes designing around users' needs rather than centering the system or interface aesthetics. He also proposed three interconnected levels of design: visceral, behavioral, and reflective.

Don Norman

The narrow definition limits interaction design to the subjective and qualitative aspects of digital, interactive things. The broad definition encompasses the design of everything that is both digital and interactive.

Narrow and Broad Definitions of Interaction Design

Ontological models are used in designing information processing software/databases in computer science. It is useful when determining how to implement conceptual models effectively. 

Ontology in Computer Science

Conceptual models need to be evaluated by focal stakeholders to confirm that it accurately represents the domain that is being conceptualized.

Validating a Conceptual Model

Cañas, A. J., Reiska, P., & Novak, J. D. (2016, September). Is my concept map large enough? In International Conference on Concept Mapping (pp. 128-143). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45501-3_10

Is my concept map large enough?

- As knowledge generation tools,
- As multi-disciplinary integration tools,
- As learning tools, 
- As collaborative learning tools, 
- As evaluation tools,
 - As presentation tools,
- As Organizers,
- As conflict resolution tools,
- As communication tools,
- As indexing & navigational tools, 
- As data collection/interpretation tools,
- As search UI,
- As browsing UI,
- For knowledge elicitation & archiving.

Advantages of Concept Maps?

There are common patterns observed in educational concept map structure.
- Spokes
- Chains
- Nets
- Cyclic Maps

Concept Map Structure

Concept Map Components

An original type, form, or instance that
serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged. 

Prototype

Storytelling is a method used to engage an audience and convey thoughts and ideas. A story is a description, either real or imagined, of a connected series of events.

Storytelling

A web page consists of elements that directly attract visual attention towards itself in the eye of the viewer. Each element has varying degrees of exertion of such a power, but in general, the more this power is exerted, the more visual attention is directed toward that particular element. These elements also have other forces that suggest to the user where they should look next, thus helping guide their direction of vision. This force is referred to as “visual weight”, and guides the direction of vision as “visual direction”. These concepts are important in thinking about user flows, rhythms and balance in a website’s layout.


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